Jump to content

1290s

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Millennium
2nd millennium
Centuries
Decades
Years
Categories

The 1290s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1290, and ended on December 31, 1299.

Events

1290

This section is transcluded from 1290. (edit | history)

By place

[edit]
Europe
[edit]
Britain
[edit]
  • July 18 – Edict of Expulsion: King Edward I (Longshanks) orders all Jews (at this time probably numbering around 2,000) to leave the country by November 1 (All Saints' Day);[3] on the Hebrew calendar this is Tisha B'Av, a day that commemorates many calamities. They are eventually allowed back in 1656.
  • Quia Emptores, a statute passed by Edward I (Longshanks), puts an end to the practice of subinfeudations. The statute allows land to be sold according to royal approval, as long as the new owner answers directly to his lord or the king.
  • September – The 7-year-old Margaret (Maid of Norway), queen-designate and heir to the crown of Scotland, dies en route to the British Isles in Orkney – leading to a succession crisis known as Competitors for the crown of Scotland.
  • November 28 – Eleanor of Castile, wife of Edward I (Longshanks), dies while traveling in the North. She has been suffering from illness for some time, and the cold and dampness of the winter months probably aggravate her condition.
  • December – Edward I (Longshanks) travels with the body of Eleanor of Castile from Lincoln to London. Remembering his wife, Edward erects a series of crosses at each location that the body rests over night. These are known as the twelve Eleanor crosses.
  • Winter – The second of the Statutes of Mortmain are passed during the reign of Edward I (Longshanks), which prevents land from passing into the possession of the Church.
Levant
[edit]
  • June – Genoa concludes a new commercial treaty with the Mamluks; five galleys sent by King James II (the Just) join the Venetian Crusader fleet (some 20 ships) on its way to Acre. On board of the fleet are Italian urban militias and mercenary forces under Seneschal Jean I de Grailly, who have fought for the Papal States in the so-called Italian Crusades.[4]
  • August – Italian Crusaders massacre Muslim merchants and peasants, and some local Christians in Acre. Some claim it began at a drunken party – others that a European husband found his wife making love to a Muslim. The barons and local knights try to rescue a few Muslims and take them to the safety of the castle, while some ringleaders are arrested.[5]
  • August 30 – Survivors and relatives of the massacre at Acre take bloodstained clothing to Sultan Qalawun (the Victorious) in Cairo, who demands that the leaders of the riot be handed over for trial. But the nobles refuse to send the ringleaders, Qalawun now got legal clearance from the religious authorities in Cairo to break the truce with Crusader states.[6]
  • October – Qalawun (the Victorious) orders a general mobilization of the Mamluk forces. In a council, is decided that a peace delegation is sent to Cairo under Guillaume de Beaujeu, Grand Master of the Knights Templar. But Qalawun demands huge compensation for those killed in Acre, and sends a Syrian army to the coast of Palestine, near Caesarea.[7]
  • November 10 – Qalawun (the Victorious) dies as the Egyptian Mamluk army sets out for Acre. He is succeeded by his eldest son Al-Ashraf Khalil as ruler of the Mamluk Sultanate. Khalil orders his allies and tributaries in Syria to prepare for a campaign next spring. Governors and castle commanders are ordered to assemble siege equipment and armor.[8]
Asia
[edit]

By topic

[edit]
Art and Culture
[edit]
Climate and Weather
[edit]
  • Year without winter – An exceptionally rare instance of uninterrupted transition, from autumn to the following spring, in England and the mainland of Western Europe.[11]
Education
[edit]
Literature
[edit]

1291

This section is transcluded from 1291. (edit | history)

By place

[edit]
Europe
[edit]
Britain
[edit]
  • Spring – Several nobles unsuccessfully claim the Scottish throne (a process known as the Great Cause), including John Balliol, Robert V (de Bruse), John Hastings, and William de Vesci. Fearing civil war, the Guardians of Scotland ask King Edward I (Longshanks) to arbitrate. Before agreeing, he obtains concessions to revive English overlordship over the Scots.
  • May 10 – Edward I (Longshanks) meets the claimants for the Scottish crown at Norham Castle and informs them that he will judge the various claims to the throne. But they must acknowledge him as overlord of Scotland and, to ensure peace, surrender the Royal Castles of the kingdom into his keeping.[16]
  • June 13 – Guardians and the Scottish nobles recognize Edward I (Longshanks) as overlord of Scotland. They agree that the kingdom will be handed over to Edward until a rightful heir has been found.[17]
Levant
[edit]
  • May 18 – Siege of Acre: Mamluk forces under Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil capture Acre after a six-week siege. The Mamluks take the outer wall of the city after fierce fighting. The Military Orders drive them back temporarily, but three days later the inner wall is breached. King Henry II escapes, but the bulk of the defenders and most of the citizens perish in the fighting or are sold into slavery. The surviving knights fall back to the fortified towers and resist for ten days until the Mamluks breakthrough on May 28.[18] The fall of Acre signals the end of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. No effective Crusade is raised to recapture the Holy Land afterward.[19]
  • June – Al-Ashraf Khalil enters Damascus in triumph with Crusaders chained at their feet and the captured Crusader standards – which are carried upside-down as a sign of their defeat. Following the capture of Acre, Khalil and his Mamluk generals proceed to wrest control of the remaining Crusader-held fortresses along the Syrian coast. Within weeks, the Mamluks conquer Tyre, Sidon, Beirut, Haifa and Tartus.[20]
  • July – Thibaud Gaudin arrives with the surviving knights, with the treasure of the Order, in Sidon. There, he is elected as Grand Master of the Knights Templar, to succeed William of Beaujeu (who was mortally wounded during the siege of Acre). Shortly after, Mamluk forces attack Sidon and Gaudin (who has not had enough knights to defend) evacuates the city and moves to the Castle of the Sea on July 14.[21]
  • August 14 – Mamluk forces conquer the last Crusader outpost in Syria, the Templar fortress of Atlit south of Acre. All that now is left to the Knights Templar is the island fortress of Ruad. Al-Ashraf Khalil returns to Cairo in triumph as the "victor in the long struggle against the Crusader states".[22]
Asia
[edit]

By topic

[edit]
Exploration
[edit]
Markets
[edit]
Religion
[edit]

1292

This section is transcluded from 1292. (edit | history)

By place

[edit]
Asia
[edit]
Britain
[edit]
Europe
[edit]
  • May 5 – The College of Electors select Adolf, count of Nassau, as the new King of the Romans and successor of Habsburg Rudolf I who had died the previous year. Adolf is forced to make wide-ranging concessions to the Electors to get elected. He is crowned king on June 24 in Aachen by the Archbishop of Cologne.
  • June 24 – Castilian forces led by King Sancho IV (the Brave) begin the siege of Tarifa, eleven newly built engines bombard the city constantly by land and sea. Meanwhile, Muhammad II, Nasrid ruler of Granada, provides the army of Sancho with men, arms and also aid the blockade in the Strait of Gibraltar. Muhammad attacks Marinid outposts, and his forces seize Estepona on the coast to the west of Málaga. Sancho conquers Tarifa after a siege of four months, on October 13.[30]
  • December – Muhammad II sends ambassadors to the Castilian court to ask Sancho IV (the Brave) to surrender Tarifa. Sancho refuses to yield the city to Granada and Muhammad, feeling betrayed, switches sides to form an alliance with the Marinids.[31][32]
Levant
[edit]

By topic

[edit]
Religion
[edit]

1293

This section is transcluded from 1293. (edit | history)

By area

[edit]
Africa
[edit]
  • December – Mamluk sultan of Egypt Khalil is assassinated by his regent Baydara, who briefly claims the sultanate, before being assassinated himself by a rival political faction.[35]
Asia
[edit]
Europe
[edit]

By topic

[edit]
Arts and culture
[edit]
Education
[edit]
Religion
[edit]

1294

This section is transcluded from 1294. (edit | history)

Asia

[edit]

Europe

[edit]
  • March 30 – A Novgorodian army led by Prince Roman Glebovich attempts a storm of Vyborg, but the attack fails.[48]
  • Spring – Following the arrival of a fleet from Sweden, an offensive takes place in which Sweden captures Kexholm after an assault.[48]

1295

This section is transcluded from 1295. (edit | history)

By place

[edit]
Europe
[edit]
Britain
[edit]
Asia
[edit]

1296

This section is transcluded from 1296. (edit | history)

January–December

[edit]

Date unknown

[edit]

1297

This section is transcluded from 1297. (edit | history)

By place

[edit]
Europe
[edit]
British Isles
[edit]

By topic

[edit]
Religion
[edit]

1298

This section is transcluded from 1298. (edit | history)

By place

[edit]
Europe
[edit]
Scotland
[edit]
  • Summer – King Edward I (Longshanks) marches from Newcastle with his household to Alnwick and then by way of Chillingham to Roxburgh, where he joins the army in July. He proceeds to Lauderdale and encamps at Kirkliston, to the west of Edinburgh, where he remains from July 15 to July 20. The army is accompanied by a long train of supply wagons. Meanwhile, English supply ships, delayed by bad weather, bring food to Leith.[92]
  • July 22 – Battle of Falkirk: English forces (some 15,000 men) led by Edward I (Longshanks) defeat a Scottish army led by William Wallace at Falkirk. During the battle, the English knights drive off the Scottish horse and archers, but cannot break the pikemen in the center. The Scottish pikemen are formed in four great "hedgehogs" (known as schiltron) but are destroyed by English longbow archers.[89]
Asia
[edit]

By topic

[edit]
Cities and towns
[edit]
Markets
[edit]
  • The foreign creditors of the Sienese Gran Tavola Bank start demanding their deposits back, thus accelerating the liquidity crisis faced by the firm.[95]
Religion
[edit]
Technology
[edit]

1299

This section is transcluded from 1299. (edit | history)

By place

[edit]
Europe
[edit]
England
[edit]
Levant
[edit]
Asia
[edit]
  • Spring – Mongol invasion of India: Duwa Khan, Mongol ruler of the Chagatai Khanate, sends his sons Qutlugh Khwaja and Duwa Temür with an army of some 50,000 horsemen over the border. The Mongols bypass villages to maximize speed, intending to strike directly at Delhi itself. At the Jumna River, Mongol forces under Qutlugh defeated Zafar Khan, and are forced to retreat to Delhi. News of the defeat causes thousands to abandon their homes, the capital is soon flooded with refugees. The streets, the markets and the mosques become overcrowded. Meanwhile, the merchant caravans headed for Delhi are interrupted by the Mongols.[104]
  • February 25 – Sultan Alauddin Khalji orders the army (some 35,000 men) to prepare for the march to Gujarat. One part of the army under Nusrat Khan starts its march from Delhi. Another part, led by Ulugh Khan, marches from Sindh and attacks Jaisalmer along the way. When the army returns from raiding Gujarat, Mongol soldiers stage a mutiny over payment of khums (one-fifth of the share of loot). The mutiny is crushed, the mutineer families in Delhi are punished and executed.[105][106]
  • Battle of Kili: Alauddin Khalji raises forces (some 70,000 men with 700 elephants) and attacks the Mongols under Qutlugh Khwaja north of Delhi. Zafar Khan, looking to avenge his defeat on the River Jumna, leads the first charge, attacking the Mongol left flank, which breaks before him. Zafar gives chase to drive them from the field – but he is ambushed by a feigned retreat. He is captured and executed with all his men. Qutlugh is wounded in battle and dies during the return journey.[107]
  • May 10 – King Kyawswa of Pagan and his son, Crown Prince Theingapati, are executed at Myinsaing, by the three brothers of the Myinsaing Kingdom (nominally Kyawswa's viceroys), for submitting and being a vassal to the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty (since 1297).
  • July 27 – Osman I (or Othman) declares the Anatolian beylik (principality) to be independent of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum, originating the Ottoman Empire. Osman becomes the founder and the first ruler, with Söğüt as the capital, which will last until the 1920s.
  • The Kingdom of Singapura is founded by Sang Nila Utama, a Srivijaya prince. Upon his coronation, he adopts the official title Sri Tri Buana (translated as "Lord of Three Worlds").[108]

By topic

[edit]
Cities and towns
[edit]
Religion
[edit]
Science and technology
[edit]

Significant people

[edit]

Births

Transcluding articles: 1290, 1291, 1292, 1293, 1294, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, and 1299

1290

1291

1292

1293

1294

1295

1296

1297

1298

1299

Deaths

Transcluding articles: 1290, 1291, 1292, 1293, 1294, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, and 1299

1290

1291

1292

1293

1294

Kublai Khan

1295

1296

1297

1298

1299

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers. p. 110. ISBN 1-86064-061-3.
  2. ^ Bartl, Július; Čičaj, Viliam; Kohútova, Mária; Letz, Róbert; Segeš, Vladimír; Škvarna, Dušan (2002). Slovak History: Chronology & Lexicon. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Slovenské Pedegogické Nakladatel'stvo. p. 34. ISBN 0-86516-444-4.
  3. ^ Mundill, Robin R. (2002). England's Jewish Solution: Experiment and Expulsion, 1262-1290. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52026-6.
  4. ^ David Nicolle (2005). Osprey: Acre 1291 - Bloody sunset of the Crusader states, p. 49. ISBN 978-1-84176-862-5.
  5. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 343. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  6. ^ David Nicolle (2005). Osprey: Acre 1291 - Bloody sunset of the Crusader states, p. 52. ISBN 978-1-84176-862-5.
  7. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 343. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  8. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 344. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  9. ^ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History, p. 80. Primus Books. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
  10. ^ Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 151. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
  11. ^ Kington, J. Climate and Weather, HarperCollins Publishers, 2010.
  12. ^ White Book of Sarnen (15th century).
  13. ^ O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, p. 96. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-2302-6.
  14. ^ O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, p. 97. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-2302-6.
  15. ^ O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, pp. 97–98. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-2302-6.
  16. ^ Armstrong, Pete (2003). Osprey: Stirling Bridge & Falkirk 1297–98, p. 7. ISBN 1-84176-510-4.
  17. ^ Prestwich, Michael (1997). Edward I, p. 365. The English Monarchs Series. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-07209-9.
  18. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 351. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  19. ^ David Nicolle (2005). Osprey: Acre 1291 - Bloody sunset of the Crusader states, pp. 18–19. ISBN 978-1-84176-862-5.
  20. ^ Holt, Peter Malcolm (1986). The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517, p. 104. Addison Wesley Longman Limited. ISBN 978-1-31787-152-1.
  21. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 352. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  22. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 353. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  23. ^ Chisholm, Hugh (1911). "Vivaldo, Ugolino and Sorleone de". Encyclopædia Britannica, p. 152. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  24. ^ Zuijderduijn, Jaco (2010). "The emergence of provincial debt in the county of Holland (thirteenth-sixteenth centuries)". European Review of Economic History. 14 (2): 335–359. doi:10.1017/S1361491610000055.
  25. ^ "行政区划 (in Chinese)". Government of Shanghai. Archived from the original on 5 May 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  26. ^ Man, John (2007). Kublai Khan: The Mongol king who remade China, p. 281. London: Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0-553-81718-8.
  27. ^ Dunbar, Sir Archibald H.,Bt, Scottish Kings – A Revised Chronology of Scottish History 1005–1625, p. 115. Edinburgh, 1899.
  28. ^ Lynch, Michael, ed. (February 24, 2011). The Oxford Companion to Scottish history. Oxford University Press. pp. 281–282. ISBN 9780199693054.
  29. ^ Armstrong, Pete (2003). Osprey: Stirling Bridge & Falkirk 1297–98 , p. 9. ISBN 1-84176-510-4.
  30. ^ O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, pp. 100–101. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-2302-6.
  31. ^ O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, p. 102. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-2302-6.
  32. ^ Kennedy, Hugh (2014). Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of Al-Andalus, pp. 284–285. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-87041-8.
  33. ^ The Templar of Tyre, Chronicle (Getes des Chiprois). Published by Crawford, P., Ashgate Publishing. Ltd, Cyprus 2003. ISBN 1-84014-618-4.
  34. ^ Carlson, Thomas A. (2018). Christianity in Fifteenth-Century Iraq. Cambridge University Press. p. 267.
  35. ^ Rabbat, Nasser O. (1995). The Citadel of Cairo: A New Interpretation of Royal Mameluk Architecture. Leiden, New York, Köln: BRILL. p. 181. ISBN 9789004101241.
  36. ^ Hattori, J. (4 April 1878). "Destructive Earthquakes of Japan". The Japan Mail: A fortnightly summary of intelligence from Japan, for transmission to Europe and the United States, via Suez and San Francisco. p. 178. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
  37. ^ Nagayama, Kōkan (1997) [1995]. The Connoisseur's Book of Japanese Swords. Tokyo, New York, London: Kodansha International. p. 164. ISBN 9784770020710.
  38. ^ Minahan, James (2012). Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO, Oxford: ABC-CLIO. p. 109. ISBN 9781598846591.
  39. ^ Ooi, Keat Gin (2004). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor. Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO, Oxford: ABC-CLIO. pp. 822–824. ISBN 9781576077702.
  40. ^ Goss, Glenda Dawn (2009). Sibelius: A Composer's Life and the Awakening of Finland. Chicago, London: University of Chicago Press. p. 152. ISBN 9780226304793.
  41. ^ Vyborg Castle, Vyborg, Russia - Spotting History
  42. ^ Pugh Rupp, Teresa (2008). ""If You Want Peace, Work for Justice": Dino Compagni's Cronica and the Ordinances of Justice". In Peterson, David S.; Bornstein, Daniel E. (eds.). Florence and Beyond: Culture, Society and Politics in Renaissance Italy : Essays in Honour of John M. Najemy. Toronto: Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies. p. 323. ISBN 9780772720382.
  43. ^ Adams, William Henry Davenport (1856). The History, Topography, and Antiquities of the Isle of Wight. Described and Illustrated. [With Plates and a Map.]. London: Smith, Elder & Company. pp. 18–19.
  44. ^ Spinozzi, Paola (2009). "Journeying Through Translation: Dante among the Victorians, Dante Gabriel Rossetti in Medieval Italy". In Orestano, Francesca; Frigerio, Francesca (eds.). Strange Sisters: Literature and Aesthetics in the Nineteenth Century. Oxford, Bern: Peter Lang. p. 77. ISBN 9783039118403.
  45. ^ Rashdall, Hastings (2010) [1895]. The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages: Volume 2, Part 1, Italy, Spain, France, Germany, Scotland, Etc. Vol. 2. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 99. ISBN 9781108018111.
  46. ^ Barsoum, Ephrem (2008). History of the Za'faran Monastery. Translated by Matti Moosa. Gorgias Press. p. 48.
  47. ^ San, Tan Koon (2014). Dynastic China: An Elementary History. Petaling Jaya, Malaysia: The Other Press. p. 316. ISBN 9789839541885.
  48. ^ a b Sundberg, Ulf (1999). Medeltidens svenska krig (in Swedish) (1st ed.). Stockholm: Hjalmarson & Högberg. p. 100. ISBN 9189080262.
  49. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2014). Faiths Across Time: 5,000 Years of Religious History [4 Volumes]: 5,000 Years of Religious History. Vol. 2. Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO, Oxford: ABC-CLIO. p. 870. ISBN 9781610690263.
  50. ^ Breverton, Terry (2014). Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About the Tudors but Were Afraid to Ask. Stroud: Amberley Publishing Limited. p. 14. ISBN 9781445638454.
  51. ^ Schaff, Philip (1998) [1882]. History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1294-1517. Vol. VI: The Middle Ages. Grand Rapids, MI: Christian Classics Ethereal Library. ISBN 9781610250450.
  52. ^ Prestwich, Michael (1988). Edward I. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 372. ISBN 9780520062665.
  53. ^ Spaltro, Kathleen; Bridge, Noeline (2005). Royals of England: A Guide for Readers, Travelers, and Genealogists. New York, Lincoln, Shanghai: iUniverse. p. 59. ISBN 9780595373123.
  54. ^ Symonds, William Samuel (1872). Records of the Rocks; or, notes on the geology, natural history, and antiquities of North & South Wales, Devon, & Corne̱ll. London: John Murray, Albemarle Street. pp. 124. 1294 Strata Florida Abbey.
  55. ^ Durant, Will (2014). The Complete Story of Civilization: Our Oriental Heritage, Life of Greece, Caesar and Christ, Age of Faith, Renaissance, Age of Reason Begins, Age of Louis XIV, Age of Voltaire, Rousseau and Revolution, Age of Napoleon, Reformation. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781476779713.
  56. ^ Fossi, Gloria; Reiche, Mattia; Bussagli, Marco (2004). Italian Art. Painting, Sculpture, Architecture from the Origins to the Present Day. Giunti Editore. ISBN 9788809037267.
  57. ^ Bideleux, Robert; Taylor, Professor Richard; Taylor, Richard (1996). European Integration and Disintegration: East and West. London and New York: Routledge. p. 139. ISBN 9781134775217.
  58. ^ Fritze, Ronald H.; Robison, William Baxter (2002). Historical Dictionary of Late Medieval England, 1272-1485. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 215. ISBN 9780313291241.
  59. ^ O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, p. 111. ISBN 978-0-8122-2302-6.
  60. ^ Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 151. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
  61. ^ Housley, Norman (1982). The Italian Crusades: The Papal-Angevin Alliance and the Crusades against Christian Lay Powers, 1254–1343, p. 93. Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-821925-3.
  62. ^ Brzezinski, Richard (1998). History of Poland – Poland Divided, p. 23. ISBN 83-7212-019-6.
  63. ^ Madden, Thomas (2012). Venice: A New History, p. 181. Penguin Group. ISBN 9780147509802.
  64. ^ Nicol, Donald M (1992). Byzantium and Venice: a study in diplomatic and cultural relations, p. 219. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-42894-1.
  65. ^ Armstrong, Pete (2003). Osprey: Stirling Bridge & Falkirk 1297–98, p. 15. ISBN 1-84176-510-4.
  66. ^ Jones, Craig Owen (2008). Compact History of Welsh Heroes: The Revolt of Madog ap Llywelyn, p. 166. Publisher: Llygad Gwalch Cyf. ISBN 9781845240752.
  67. ^ Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 150–152. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
  68. ^ Pounds, N. J. G. (1994). The Medieval Castle in England and Wales: A Social and Political History, p. 147. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-45099-7.
  69. ^ Marshall, Andrew (4 April 2013). "Andrew Marshall: Berwick Massacre must be remembered too". The Berwickshire News. Archived from the original on February 23, 2019. Retrieved 2019-02-22.
  70. ^ "Monuments, Sites and Cultural Landscape of Chiang Mai, Capital of Lanna". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 2 September 2015. Retrieved 2019-02-22.
  71. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Battle of Dunbar I (BTL31)". Retrieved June 19, 2020.
  72. ^ Miller, James (1859). The History of Dunbar: From the Earliest Records to the Present Time: with a Description of the Ancient Castles and Picturesque Scenery on the Borders of East Lothian. London: James Downie. pp. 28–30.
  73. ^ a b Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam (2002). History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 31. ISBN 9788126901234.
  74. ^ S. B. Bhattacherje, Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates (Sterling Publishers, 2009) p.A34
  75. ^ Fine, John Van Antwerp (2006) [1987]. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 244. ISBN 9780472082605.
  76. ^ Howard, Michael C. (2012). Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross-Border Trade and Travel. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 197. ISBN 9780786490332.
  77. ^ Harvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Time to 1824 A.D., the Beginning of English Conquest. London, New York, Bombay: Asian Educational Services. p. 110. ISBN 9788120613652.
  78. ^ Sheila R. Ackerlind (1990). King Dinis of Portugal and the Alfonsine heritage, pp. 10–11. Peter Lang Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8204-0921-4.
  79. ^ Charles T. Wood (1966). The French Apanages and the Capetian Monarchy, 1224–1328, p. 59. Harvard University Press.
  80. ^ Armstrong, Pete (2003). Osprey: Stirling Bridge & Falkirk 1297–98, pp. 30–32. ISBN 1-84176-510-4.
  81. ^ Armstrong, Pete (2003). Osprey: Stirling Bridge & Falkirk 1297–98, p. 33. ISBN 1-84176-510-4.
  82. ^ Cowan, Edward J. (2007). The Wallace Book, p. 69. ISBN 978-0-85976-652-4.
  83. ^ Sarah Crome (1999). Scotland's First War of Independence, p. 57. ISBN 978-0-9536316-0-5.
  84. ^ Maire Vigueur, Jean-Claude (2010). L'autre Rome. Une histoire des Romains a l'époque communale (XIIe-XIVe siècle). Paris: Tallandier. p. 241. ISBN 978-2-84734-719-7.
  85. ^ Chronicle of the Twenty-Four Generals of the Order of Friars Minor. Ordo Fratrum Minorum. p. 2.
  86. ^ "History of the Portuguese Water Dog", Kathryn Braund and Deyanne Farrell Miller. The Complete Portuguese Water Dog, 1986, DeLeao.
  87. ^ Haim Beinart (1981). Carta's Atlas of the Jewish people in the Middle Ages. Carta Jerusalem. ISBN 965-220-035-2.
  88. ^ Wyatt, Walter James (1876). The history of Prussia: from the earliest times to the present day, pp. 327–329. Vol 1. London: Longmans, Green and co. OCLC 1599888.
  89. ^ a b Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
  90. ^ Nicol, Donald M. (1988). Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-34157-4.
  91. ^ Chamberlin E. R. (1969). The Bad Popes, pp. 102–104. Chapter III: "The Lord of Europe". ISBN 0-88029-116-8.
  92. ^ Armstrong, Pete (2003). Osprey: Stirling Bridge & Falkirk 1297–98, pp. 62–63. ISBN 1-84176-510-4.
  93. ^ Banarsi Prasad Saksena (1992). "The Khalijs: Alauddin Khalij", p. 332. In Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (ed.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress/People's Publishing House. OCLC 31870180.
  94. ^ "Marciac - John Reps Bastides Collection". bastides.library.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2016-04-28.
  95. ^ Catoni, Giuliano. "BONSIGNORI". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
  96. ^ Rodgers, William Ledyard (1967). Naval Warfare Under Oars, 4th to 16th Centuries: A Study of Strategy, Tactics and Ship Design, p. 141. Naval Institute Press.
  97. ^ Cancelleri, J.-A. "Sinucello della Rocca". Dizionario biografico. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
  98. ^ Ferris, Eleanor (1902). "The Financial Relations of the Knights Templars to the English Crown". American Historical Review. 8 (1): 1–17. doi:10.2307/1832571. JSTOR 1832571.
  99. ^ Armstrong, Pete (2003). Osprey: Stirling Bridge & Falkirk 1297–98, p. 80. ISBN 1-84176-510-4.
  100. ^ "720 years on Southampton Old Bowling Green rolls on!". The Leader. Spain. 23 October 2019. Retrieved 17 July 2022. "The Southampton Old Bowling Green was established during the reign of Richard I, and first used for a game of bowls in 1299," said Margaret, who has played at the Lower Canal Walk and Platform Road club.
  101. ^ On The World's Oldest Bowling Green (Motion picture). British Pathé. 18 July 1927. Retrieved 17 July 2022. On the World's oldest bowling green (AD 1299). Sir John Russell installs "Sir" W. Day, 1927's winner over 350 year old competition for honour of knighthood of the Green.
  102. ^ Kurkjian, Vahan M. (1958). A History of Armenia, pp. 204–205. Indo-European Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60444-012-6.
  103. ^ Demurger, Alain (2007). Jacques de Molay (in French), p. 142. Editions Payot & Rivages. ISBN 978-2-228-90235-9.
  104. ^ Kishori Saran Lal (1968). History of the Khaljis (1290–1320), p. 156. Allahabad: The Indian Press. OCLC 685167335.
  105. ^ Jackson, Peter (2003). The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History, p. 195. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-54329-3.
  106. ^ Kishori Saran Lal (1968). History of the Khaljis (1290–1320), p. 88. Allahabad: The Indian Press. OCLC 685167335.
  107. ^ Jackson, Peter (2003). The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History, pp. 221–222. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-54329-3.
  108. ^ Miksic John N. (2013). Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800, p. 148. NUS Press. ISBN 978-9971695743.
  109. ^ Brown, Michael (2004). The Wars of Scotland 1214–1371. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 192, 280. ISBN 0748612378.
  110. ^ Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 152. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
  111. ^ "Afonso IV | king of Portugal". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  112. ^ Rogers, Eugene F. Jr. (2009). "John Ruusbroec, from The Spiritual Espousals". The Holy Spirit: Classic and Contemporary Readings. Chicester and Singapore: John Wiley & Sons. p. 272. ISBN 9781405136235.
  113. ^ Hammond, Peter; Cokayne, George Edward (1998). The complete peerage, or a history of the House of Lords and all its members from the earliest times by G.E.C., revised and much enlarged : addenda & corrigenda. Vol. XIV. Sutton. ISBN 9780750901543.
  114. ^ Byrne, Vincent (2003). The Hidden Annals: A Thousand Years of the Kingdom of Connaught 366-1385. Universal-Publishers. ISBN 9781581125689.
  115. ^ Wood, Cindy (2016). Studying Late Medieval History: A Thematic Approach. London and New York: Routledge. p. 58. ISBN 9781317211204.
  116. ^ Nolan, Cathal J. (2006). The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000-1650: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization. Vol. 2. Westport, CN and London: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 893. ISBN 9780313337345.
  117. ^ Browning, Charles Henry (1998) [1883]. "Pedigree LX". Americans of Royal Descent: Collection of Genealogies Showing the Lineal Descent from Kings of Some American Families. Reproduced from Recognized Authorative Genealogical Works, From Printed Family Histories, and Verified Information Supplied in Manuscript Pedigrees (Seventh ed.). Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Com. p. 261. ISBN 9780806300542.
  118. ^ Coss, Peter R.; Coss, P. R.; Lloyd, Simon D. (1988). Thirteenth Century England II: Proceedings of the Newcastle Upon Tyne Conference 1987. Suffolk and Wolfeboro, NH: Boydell & Brewer. p. 175. ISBN 9780851155135.
  119. ^ Browning, Oscar (1893). Guelphs & Ghibellines: A Short History of Mediaeval Italy from 1250-1409. London: Methuen & Company. pp. 199. 1294 john duke of durazzo.
  120. ^ Turnbull, Stephen R. (2005) [1977]. The Samurai: A Military History. London and New York: Psychology Press. p. 90. ISBN 9781873410387.
  121. ^ Wold, Carol Lee (2002). Ancestral families of John W. Clark of Deerfield, Massachusetts: Clark-Keyes & allied families including: Alcock, Allen, Allis, Anderson, Beardsley, Belden, Bigod, Blandford, Brown, Chester, Comstock, Copeland, de Clare, de Lacy, de Mowbray, de Quincy, de Ros, de Saye, de Vere, Dudley, FitzRobert, Goodrich, Gregory, Harlakenden, Hawks, Haynes, Hobart, Holden, Hooker, Howard, Hubbard, Kimball, Lamb, Lamberton, Marshall, Moore, Neville, Newcomb, Parmenter, Patterson, Plantagenet, Pynchon, Rice, Scott, Smead, Stoughton, Talcott, Townsend, Trowbridge, Welles, Wells, Woodbridge, Wyllys, Yorke. Louisville, KY: Gateway Press. p. 97.
  122. ^ Péporté, Pit (2011). Constructing the Middle Ages: Historiography, Collective Memory and Nation-Building in Luxembourg. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 161. ISBN 9789004210677.
  123. ^ Dunbar, Lyle (2017). House of Dunbar, Part II: After the Fall of the Earldom of Dunbar: The Rise and Fall of a Scottish Noble Family. BookBaby. ISBN 9781543917383.
  124. ^ "Descendants of Philip I of Taranto, Prince of Achaea, 10 NOV 1278 - 26 DEC 1331; Outline Format". www.ourfamtree.org. Retrieved 2019-02-22.
  125. ^ Kurian, George Thomas; III, James D. Smith (2010). The Encyclopedia of Christian Literature. Vol. I. Lanham, Toronto, Plymouth: Scarecrow Press. p. 508. ISBN 9780810872837.
  126. ^ Giunta, Francesco (1961). "Aragona, Orlando d'". In Ghisalberti, Alberto M. (ed.). Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani. Vol. 3. Rome.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  127. ^ Suziedelis, Saulius A. (2011). Historical Dictionary of Lithuania (Second ed.). Lanham, Plymouth: Scarecrow Press. pp. 42–43. ISBN 9780810875364.
  128. ^ Brown, Elizabeth A .R. (2009). "Chapter Eleven. Blanche Of Artois And Burgundy, Château-Gaillard, And The Baron De Joursanvault". In Smith, Katherine Allen; Wells, Scott (eds.). Negotiating Community and Difference in Medieval Europe: Gender, Power, Patronage, and the Authority of Religion in Latin Christendom. Studies in the History of Christian Traditions. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 223. ISBN 9789004171251.
  129. ^ France, Peter (2001). The Oxford Guide to Literature in English Translation. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 232. ISBN 9780199247844.
  130. ^ "Japan". www.worldstatesmen.org. Retrieved 2019-02-22.
  131. ^ "Alfonso III | king of Aragon". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  132. ^ Kanarfogel, Ephraim (2000). Peering Through the Lattices: Mystical, Magical, and Pietistic Dimensions in the Tosafist Period. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press. p. 221. ISBN 9780814325315.
  133. ^ Stone, M. W. F. (2003). "Henry of Ghent on Freedom and Human Action". In Decorte, Jos; Guldentops, Guy; Steel, Carlos G. (eds.). Henry of Ghent and the Transformation of Scholastic Thought: Studies in Memory of Jos Decorte. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press. p. 201. ISBN 9789058673299.
  134. ^ Legg, Katrina (2004). Bolton Priory: Its Patrons and Benefactors 1120-1293. Borthwick Papers. Vol. 106. York: Borthwick Publications. p. 11. ISBN 9781904497134.
  135. ^ Haag, Michael (2012). The Tragedy of the Templars: The Rise and Fall of the Crusader States. Suffolk: Profile. pp. 241. ISBN 9781847658548. 1293 Al-Ashraf Khalil.
  136. ^ Montpéreux, Frédéric Dubois de (1839). Voyage autour du Caucase, chez les Tcherkesses et les Abkhases, en Colchide, en Géorgie, en Arménie et en Crimée (in French). Vol. II. Paris: Librairie de Gide. p. 164.
  137. ^ Ruysbroeck, Willem van; Pian de Carpine, John of (1998) [1900]. The Journey of William of Rubruck to the Eastern Parts of the World, 1253-55: As Narrated by Himself with Two Accounts of the Earlier Journey of John of Pian de Carpine. Translated by Woodville Rockhill, William. New Delhi, Madras: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 9788120613386.
  138. ^ McNeese, Tim; Goetzmann, William H. (2006). Marco Polo and the Realm of Kublai Khan. Explorers of New Lands. Philadelphia, PA: Infobase Publishing. p. 142. ISBN 9781438102467.
  139. ^ Jeep, John M. (2001). Routledge Revivals: Medieval Germany (2001): An Encyclopedia. Abingdon & New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 72. ISBN 9781351665407.
  140. ^ Perry, Guy (2018). The Briennes: The Rise and Fall of a Champenois Dynasty in the Age of the Crusades, c. 950–1356. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. xxiii. ISBN 9781107196902.
  141. ^ Możejko, Beata (2017). New Studies in Medieval and Renaissance Gdańsk, Poland and Prussia. Abingdon, New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 14. ISBN 9781351805445.
  142. ^ Tamrat, Taddesse (January 1970). "The Abbots of Däbrä-Hayq 1248-1535". Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 8 (1): 87–117. JSTOR 41965802.
  143. ^ Barlow, Henry Clark (1864). Critical, Historical, and Philosophical Contributions to the Study of the Divina Commedia. London and Edinburgh: Williams and Norgate. pp. 423. 1294 Brunetto Latini.
  144. ^ "History of Pereslavl-Zalessky | Rusmania". rusmania.com. Retrieved 2019-02-26.
  145. ^ Milliman, Paul (2013). 'The Slippery Memory of Men': The Place of Pomerania in the Medieval Kingdom of Poland. East Central and Eastern European in the Middle Ages, 450 - 1450. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 105. ISBN 9789004182745.
  146. ^ Smith, David Michael (1973). A Guide to the Archive Collections in the Borthwick Institute of Historical Research. Borthwick Texts and Calendars: Records of the Northern Province. Vol. I. York: Borthwick Publications. p. 7. ISBN 9780903857024.
  147. ^ de Saint-Allais, M. (1874). Nobiliaire universel de France: ou Recueil général des généalogies historiques des maisons nobles de ce royaume (in French). Paris: Au bureau du Nobiliaire universel de France, Réimprimé à la Librairie Bachelin-Deflorenne. pp. 177. Odon de Pins 1296.
  148. ^ Phillips, J. R. S. (1972). Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke, 1307-1324: Baronial Politics in the Reign of Edward II. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 240. ISBN 9780198223597.
  149. ^ Jestice, Phyllis G. (2004). Holy People of the World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO, Oxford: ABC-CLIO. p. 168. ISBN 9781576073551.
  150. ^ Hewitt, John (1855). Ancient Armour and Weapons in Europe from the Iron Period of the Northern Nations to the End of the Thirteenth Century. Oxford: John Henry and James Parker. pp. 347. Edmund Crouchback 1296.
  151. ^ Brouwer, Maria (2016). Governmental Forms and Economic Development: From Medieval to Modern Times. Amsterdam: Springer. p. 188. ISBN 9783319420400.
  152. ^ Spindler, Max; Kraus, Andreas (1995). Geschichte der Oberpfalz und des bayerischen Reichskreises bis zum Ausgang des 18. Jahrhunderts. Handbuch der bayerischen Geschichte (in German). Vol. III. Munich: C.H.Beck. p. 344. ISBN 9783406394539.
  153. ^ Perry, Guy (2018). The Briennes: The Rise and Fall of a Champenois Dynasty in the Age of the Crusades, c. 950–1356. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. xxiii. ISBN 9781107196902.
  154. ^ Loud, Graham A.; Schenk, Jochen (2017). The Origins of the German Principalities, 1100-1350: Essays by German Historians. London and New York: Taylor & Francis. pp. xxv. ISBN 9781317022008.
  155. ^ Bulman, Jan K. (2008). The Court Book of Mende and the Secular Lordship of the Bishop: Recollecting the Past in Thirteenth-Century Gévaudan. Toronto, Buffalo, London: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9781442691971.
  156. ^ Mason, Laird David Elsworth (2012). My McCurdy Family and Collateral Lines Including Native American and Some Royal Family. Maumee, OH: Lulu.com. p. 133. ISBN 9781300356011.
  157. ^ Watt, D. E. R. (1969) [1959]. Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanae medii aevi ad annum 1638. Edinburgh: Printed for the Scottish Record Society by Smith and Ritchie Ltd. p. 275.
  158. ^ Heller, Sarah-Grace; Reichert, Michelle (2001). Essays on the Poetic and Legal Writings of Philippe de Remy and His Son Philippe de Beaumanoir of Thirteenth-century France. Vol. 21. Lewiston, NY: E. Mellen Press. p. 279. ISBN 9780773473836.
  159. ^ Agarwal, Ravi P.; Sen, Syamal K. (2014). Creators of Mathematical and Computational Sciences. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. p. 122. ISBN 9783319108704.
  160. ^ Pandit, Shrinivas (2007). Dabawalas: Lessons for Building Lasting Success Based on Values. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 97. ISBN 9780070621510.
  161. ^ Thorpe, Edgar; Thorpe, Showick (2012) [2005]. The Pearson Concise General Knowledge Manual 2012. Chandigarh, Delhi, Chennai: Pearson Education India. p. 2.14. ISBN 9788131761915.
  162. ^ Rickard, John (2002). The Castle Community: The Personnel of English and Welsh Castles, 1272-1422. Suffolk and Rochester, NY: Boydell Press. p. 117. ISBN 9780851159133.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1290s&oldid=1185455814"