Jump to content

List of domesticated animals

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Domestic animals)

This page gives a list of domesticated animals,[1] also including a list of animals which are or may be currently undergoing the process of domestication and animals that have an extensive relationship with humans beyond simple predation. This includes species which are semi-domesticated, undomesticated but captive-bred on a commercial scale, or commonly wild-caught, at least occasionally captive-bred, and tameable. In order to be considered fully domesticated, most species have undergone significant genetic, behavioural and morphological changes from their wild ancestors, while others have changed very little from their wild ancestors despite hundreds or thousands of years of potential selective breeding. A number of factors determine how quickly any changes may occur in a species, but there is not always a desire to improve a species from its wild form. Domestication is a gradual process, so there is no precise moment in the history of a given species when it can be considered to have become fully domesticated.

Zooarchaeology has identified three classes of animal domesticates:

  1. Pets (dogs, cats, ferrets, hamsters, etc.)
  2. Livestock (cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, etc.)
  3. Beasts of burden (horses, camels, donkeys, etc.)[2]

Domesticated animals

[edit]
Species and subspecies Wild ancestor Date Location of origin Purposes Image Changes from wild ancestor/ Notes Extent in the wild vs. captivity Taxon group
Domestic dog (Canis familiaris)[3] Extinct Pleistocene population of the grey wolf (Canis lupus ssp.)[4] 13,000 BCE[5][6] China,[7][8][9]

Europe[6] in different places in Asia

meat, leather, fiber, hunting, herding, guarding, fighting, racing, working, rescuing, guiding, policing, draft, pack, sport, service, therapy, narcotics detection, truffle harvesting, pest control, research, education, show, pets Tame (with exceptions),[10] significant physical changes, probably significant behavioral changes as well Domestic and feral dogs both very common,[10] ancestor or nearest wild relative less common, but not rare 1c Carnivora
Domestic sheep (Ovis aries)[3] Possibly the Armenian mouflon (Ovis gmelini gmelini) 11 000 BCE to 9000 BCE[11][12] Anatolia, Iran meat, milk, fiber, leather, hides, pelts, horns, vellum, manure, guarding, fighting, racing, lawn mowing, weed control, research, ornamental, show, pets Some physical changes Common in captivity, threatened in the wild 1b Bovidae
Domestic pig (Sus domesticus) Anatolian boar (Sus scrofa libycus),[13] Northern Chinese boar (Sus scrofa moupinensis)[14] 9400 BCE[15][16][17][18] China, Western Asia meat, leather, tusks, manure, guarding, fighting, racing, truffle harvesting, weed control, research, show, pets Some physical changes Common in the wild, much more common in captivity, feral populations common in some areas 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
European cattle or taurine cattle (Bos taurus)[3][19][20] Eurasian aurochs (Bos primigenius primigenius)† 8500 BCE[21][22] China,[23] Western Asia meat, milk, leather, hides, fiber, horns, vellum, blood, dung, working, plowing, guarding, fighting, racing, draft, mount, soil fertilization, lawn mowing, weed control, worship, show, pets Some physical changes Very common in captivity, wild relatives extinct, feral populations fairly common 1b Bovidae
Domestic goat (Capra hircus) Bezoar ibex (Capra aegagrus aegagrus) 8000 BCE[24][25][26] Iran milk, meat, fiber, skin, horns, vellum, manure, guarding, fighting, racing, lawn mowing, weed control, clearing land, show, pets Slight physical changes Common in captivity, threatened in the wild, feral populations common 1b Bovidae
Zebu, Brahman cattle, indicine cattle or humped cattle (Bos indicus)[3] Indian aurochs (Bos primigenius namadicus)† 8000 BCE Indian Subcontinent meat, milk, leather, hides, horns, vellum, blood, dung, working, plowing, fighting, racing, draft, soil fertilization, lawn mowing, show, pets Considerable physical changes Common in captivity, wild relatives extinct 1b Bovidae
Domestic cat or house cat (Felis catus)[3] Common North African wildcat (Felis lybica lybica)[27] 8000–7500 BCE[27] the Near East meat, pelts, pest control, research, show, pets Tame, slight physical changes Very abundant in captivity; true wildcat species less abundant, though not rare, feral populations very common 1c Carnivora
Domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) Bangladesh red junglefowl (Gallus gallus murghi) with some contribution from the grey junglefowl (Gallus sonneratii) 6000 BCE[28] India and Southeast Asia meat, eggs, feathers, leather, manure, guarding, alarming, fighting, racing, pest control, weed control, ornamental, show, pets Some physical changes, considerable reproductive changes Very common in the wild and in captivity 2b Galliformes
Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) Montane guinea pig (Cavia tschudii) 5000 BCE Peru meat, manure, racing, lawn mowing, weed control, research, show, pets Tame, slight physical changes Somewhat common in the wild and in captivity 1d Rodentia
Domestic donkey, domestic ass or burro (Equus asinus) African wild ass (Equus africanus), including subspecies Nubian (E. a. africanus) and Somali wild ass (E. a. somaliensis)[29] 5000 BCE[30][31] Nubia meat, milk, manure, working, plowing, guarding, racing, draft, pack, mount, lawn mowing, weed control, show, pets Slight physical changes Somewhat common in captivity and as feral populations, wild relatives critically endangered 1e Other mammals
Gayal (Bos frontalis)[3] Gayal (Bos frontalis) with significant introgression from other Bos species[32] 5000 BCE[33] Southeast Asia, Northeast India meat, milk, horns, dung Slight physical changes Somewhat common in captivity, threatened in the wild 1b Bovidae
Domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) Common mallard (Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos) 4000 BCE China meat, eggs, feathers, manure, guarding, pest control, weed control, ornamental, show, pets Considerable physical changes Common in captivity, but more abundant in the wild 2a Anseriformes
Domestic water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)[3] Wild water buffalo (Bubalus arnee) 4000 BCE India, China, the Philippines meat, milk, horns, dung, working, plowing, fighting, racing, draft, mount, lawn mowing, show Mainly unchanged from the wild animal Common in captivity, endangered in the wild, feral populations common in parts of Australia and South America[34][35] 1b Bovidae
Dromedary or Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius)[36] Unknown 4000 BCE Arabia, the Horn of Africa meat, milk, urine, racing, hunting, pack, mount, show, pets Tame, few physical changes Moderately common in captivity, small feral population in original range, significant feral population in Australia, truly wild dromedaries may be extinct 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Western honey bee (Apis mellifera) including subspecies German (A. m. mellifera), Italian (A. m. ligustica), Carniolan (A. m. carnica), Caucasian (A. m. caucasia), Greek (A. m. cecropia), Saharan (A. m. sahariensis) and Egyptian honey bees (A. m. lamarckii) - 4000 BCE (the modern era for A. m. mellifera, the 1880s for A. m. ligustica, uncertain for A. m. carnica, A. m. caucasia, A. m. cecropia, A. m. sahariensis and A. m. lamarckii) Europe (including Germany, Italy, Greece, Slovenia and the United Kingdom), Georgia, North Africa honey, wax, propolis, bee brood, royal jelly, venom, pollen, pollination, research Some physical and behavioral changes, actual domestication status is still a point of contention[37] Very common in captivity, feral populations common, extent of status in the wild unclear; see Western honey bee for details 6a Hymenoptera
Domestic horse (Equus caballus) Extinct unknown population of the wild horse (Equus ferus), possibly the tarpan or European wild horse (E. f. ferus)†[38] 4000-3500 BCE[39][40] Ukraine or Kazakhstan milk, meat, hair, manure, working, plowing, fighting, racing, servicing, guiding, draft, pack, mount, execution, lawn mowing, weed control, show, pets Tame, some physical changes, mainly in colouration Common in captivity, very rare in the wild, feral populations common 1e Other mammals
Bali cattle (Bos javanicus domesticus) Banteng (Bos javanicus)[41] 3500 BCE[41] Bali, Indonesia meat, milk, horns, dung, working, plowing, draft, show Slight physical changes Common in captivity, endangered in the wild 1b Bovidae
Domestic silkmoth (Bombyx mori) Wild silkmoth (Bombyx mandarina) 3000 BCE China silk, animal feed, pets Tame/held in captivity, some physical changes Fairly common in captivity, extent of status in the wild unclear 6b Other insects
Domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestica) Rock dove (Columba livia) 3000 BCE the Mediterranean Basin meat, manure, racing, messenger, ornamental, show, pets Artificially selected and bred into many varieties including meat breeds, racing/messenger breeds and fancy plumage breeds Relatively common in captivity, very common in the wild, feral populations extremely abundant 2c Columbiformes
Domestic goose and domestic swan goose (Anser anser domesticus and Anser cygnoides domesticus) Greylag goose (Anser anser) and swan goose (A. cygnoides) 3000 BCE for A. anser, date uncertain for A. cygnoides[42] Egypt (A. anser), China (A. cygnoides) meat, eggs, feathers, manure, guarding, alarming, pest control, weed control, show, pets Considerable physical changes Common in the wild and in captivity 2a Anseriformes
Domestic yak (Bos grunniens)[3] Wild yak (Bos mutus) 2500 BCE Tibet, Nepal meat, milk, fiber, horns, dung, working, plowing, guarding, fighting, racing, pack, mount, show, pets Tame, slight physical changes Fairly common in captivity; threatened in the wild 1b Bovidae
Domestic Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) Wild Bactrian camel (Camelus ferus) 2500 BCE Central Asia (Afghanistan) meat, milk, hair, dung, pack, mount, show, pets Tame, few physical changes Moderately common in captivity, critically endangered in the wild 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Llama (Lama glama)[3] Guanaco (Lama guanicoe cacsilensis)[43] 2400 BCE[44] Peru, Bolivia meat, fiber, manure, working, guarding, racing, draft, pack, lawn mowing, weed control, show, pets Slight physical changes Fairly common in the wild and in captivity 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Alpaca (Lama pacos)[3] Vicuña (Lama vicugna mensalis)[43] 2400 BCE[44] Peru, Bolivia meat, milk, fiber, manure, guarding, lawn mowing, weed control, show, pets Considerable physical changes Fairly common in the wild and in captivity 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Domestic guineafowl (Numida meleagris domesticus) West African helmeted guineafowl (Numida meleagris galeatus) 2400 BCE[45] West Africa meat, eggs, manure, guarding, alarming, pest control, show, pets Mainly unaltered from the wild population Somewhat common in the wild and in captivity 2b Galliformes
Fuegian dog or Yaghan dog†[46] Culpeo or Andean fox (Lycalopex culpaeus) date uncertain[47] Argentina, Chile hunting, guarding, warmth, pets Tame, slight physical changes Extinct in captivity, but common in the wild 1c Carnivora
Domestic ferret (Mustela furo) European polecat (Mustela putorius) 1500 BCE[48] North Africa hunting, racing, pest control, show, pets Tame, slight physical changes Common in captivity, somewhat common in the wild, feral populations rare 1c Carnivora
Domestic Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata domestica) Wild Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata sylvestris) 700–600 BCE[44] South America meat, eggs, feathers, manure, guarding, pest control, show, pets Tame, some physical changes Common in captivity, feral populations rare 2a Anseriformes
Barbary dove or ringed turtle dove (Streptopelia risoria) African collared dove (Streptopelia roseogrisea) 500 BCE North Africa meat, show, pets Slight physical changes Common in both captivity and feral populations 2c Columbiformes
Domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo domesticus) South Mexican wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo) 180 CE[44] Mexico meat, eggs, feathers, manure, guarding, pest control, show, pets Considerable physical changes Common in the wild and in captivity 2b Galliformes
Goldfish (Carassius auratus) Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio) 300 CE to 400 CE China racing, pest control, ornamental, show, pets Tame, significant physical changes Very common and abundant in captivity, extent of status in the wild unclear 5a Cyprinidae
Domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus) Iberian rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus algirus)[49] 600 CE[50] Europe meat, fiber, pelts, manure, racing, lawn mowing, weed control, research, show, pets Tame, significant physical changes Common in captivity, rare in native habitat, common in introduced range 1e Other mammals
Koi (Cyprinus rubrofuscus) Amur carp (Cyprinus rubrofuscus) the 11th century CE Japan ornamental, show, pets Tame, considerable physical changes Fairly common in captivity, threatened in the wild 5a Cyprinidae
Japanese quail (C. japonica) or Domesticated quail Common quail (C. coturnix) the 11~12th century CE Japan meat, eggs, research, pets considerable physical changes Common in the wild and in captivity 2b Galliformes
Domestic canary (Serinus canaria domestica) Wild canary (Serinus canaria canaria) the 15th century CE the Canary Islands, Europe coal mining, fighting, research, show, pets Slight physical changes Common in the wild and in captivity 2d Passeriformes
Society finch or Bengalese finch (Lonchura striata domestica) White-rumped munia or striated finch (Lonchura striata swinhoei) with some contribution from the Indian silverbill or white-throated munia (Euodice malabarica) unknown, may have been introduced to Japan sometime around the early 18th century CE[51] Japan pets, show, research Slight physical changes Fairly common in captivity; common in the wild 2d Passeriformes
Fancy mouse a.k.a. laboratory mouse (Mus musculus domestica) Western European house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus), Japanese house mouse (Mus musculus molossinus) 1100 BCE (China), then the 17th century CE (Europe),[52] the 18th Century (Japan) China, Europe, Japan animal feed, racing, research, show, pets Tame, significant physical changes Common in the wild and in captivity 1d Rodentia
Fancy rat a.k.a. laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus domestica) Brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) the 19th century CE[53] the United Kingdom animal feed, research, show, pets Tame, some physical and psychological changes Common in the wild and in captivity 1d Rodentia
Domestic mink (Neogale vison domesticus)[54] Eastern mink (Neogale vison vison), Kenai mink (N. v. melampeplus) and Alaskan mink (N. v. ingens) Early 1860s Cassadaga Lakes, New York fur, hunting, pest control, pets Some physical and psychological changes Somewhat common in the wild and in captivity 1c Carnivora
Domesticated silver fox (Vulpes vulpes) Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) late 19th century to 20th century CE Prince Edward Island/Soviet Union (Russia)[55] fur, pelts, research, pets Tame, some physical changes Very small domestic population, wild relatives fairly common 1c Carnivora
Domesticated hedgehogs (Atelerix albiventris, A. algirus, Hemiechinus auritus and H. collaris) Four-toed (Atelerix albiventris), Algerian (A. algirus), long-eared (Hemiechinus auritus), and Indian long-eared hedgehog (H. collaris) the 1980s Central and Eastern Africa pets Slight physical changes Common in the wild, somewhat rare in captivity 1e Other mammals

Tame, partially domesticated, and widely captive-bred animals

[edit]

Due to the somewhat unclear outlines of what precisely constitutes domestication, there are some species that may or may not be fully domesticated. There are also some species that are extensively commercially used by humans, but are not significantly altered from wild-type animals. Many animals on this second table are at least somewhat altered from wild-type animals due to their extensive interactions with humans, albeit not to the point that they are regarded as distinct forms (therefore, no separate wild ancestors are noted) or would be unable to survive if reintroduced to the wild.

Species and subspecies Date Location of origin Purpose Image Changes from wild ancestor/ Notes Extent in the wild vs. captivity Taxon group
Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) including subspecies Sri Lankan (E. m. maximus), Indian (E. m. indicus), Sumatran (E. m. sumatranus), Bornean (E. m. borneensis) and formerly Syrian elephants (E. m. asurus)†[56][57][58] 2000 BCE (uncertain for E. m. maximus, E. m. sumatranus, E. m. borneensis and E. m. asurus)† India, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Nepal, Borneo, China, Indochina, formerly Iran dung, working, hunting, fighting, racing, transportation, mount, patrol, worship, show Individuals taken from the wild and tamed on a wide scale Syrian subspecies extinct in the wild and in captivity; other subspecies somewhat common in captivity, but endangered in the wild[59][60] 1e Other mammals
Domestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus domesticus) 3000 BCE Fennoscandia, Western Russia (possibly Eastern Russia),[61]
China, Mongolia 		meat, milk, leather, hides, antlers, transportation, mount, pets 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Common (S. camelus) and Somali ostriches (S. molybdophanes) date uncertain Africa, Mesopotamia meat, eggs, feathers, sacrifices 2f Palaeognathae
Scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah) 2320–2150 BCE Egypt meat, hides, horns, sacrifices Small captive population, but nearly extinct in the wild 1b Bovidae
Caracal (Caracal caracal)[62] date uncertain, possibly 200 BCE Egypt, India, Southern Africa hunting, pest control, pets 1c Carnivora
Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) including subspecies Southeast African (A. j. jubatus), Northeast African (A. j. soemmeringii) and Asiatic cheetahs (A. j. venaticus)[63][64] 1500 BCE Egypt, India, the Middle East, South Africa hunting, tourism, pets 1c Carnivora
Bubal hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus)† date uncertain Egypt meat, hides, horns, sacrifices Historically farmed Extinct in the wild and in captivity 1b Bovidae
Mandarin duck (Aix galericulata) pre-modern China (date uncertain) China pest control, ornamental, pets 2a Anseriformes
Egyptian goose (Alopochen aegyptiacus) date uncertain Egypt meat, eggs, feathers, guarding, ornamental, pets Common in the wild and in captivity, feral populations very common 2a Anseriformes
Leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis)[65] 5000 BCE China pest control, pets 1c Carnivora
Common genet (Genetta genetta)[66] date uncertain Africa pest control, pets 1c Carnivora
Eastern honey bee (Apis cerana) including subspecies Chinese (A. c. cerana), Indian (A. c. indica) and Japanese honey bees (A. c. japonica) date uncertain South Asia, Thailand, Japan, China honey, wax, pollination 6a Hymenoptera
European fallow (Dama dama) and Persian fallow deer (D. mesopotamica)[67] 1000 BCE the Mediterranean Basin, the Levant meat, hides, antlers, pets 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
European medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis)[68][69] 800 BCE Europe, Asia bloodletting, surgery, therapy, research, saliva, pets Captive-bred 7b Annelida
Cochineal (Dactylopius coccus) 700–500 BCE[44] Chile, Peru, Mexico dye Very common in the wild 6b Other insects
Indian (Pavo cristatus) and green peafowl (P. muticus) 500 BCE (uncertain for P. muticus) India, Java meat, feathers, ornamental, guarding, pest control, pets Fairly common in the wild 2b Galliformes
Common hill myna (Gracula religiosa) kept in ancient Greece, date of captive breeding uncertain Greece pets, talking bird 2d Passeriformes
Rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri) including subspecies African (P. k. krameri) and Indian rose-ringed parakeets (P. k. manillensis), Alexandrine Parakeets (Psittacula eupatria) classical antiquity (date uncertain) West Africa, India pets, talking bird Captive-bred, plumage colour changes 2e Psittaciformes
Red deer (Cervus elaphus)[70][71] including subspecies Caspian (C. e. maral), Norwegian (C. e. atlanticus) and Scottish red deer (C. e. scoticus) ~1 CE China, Russia, Europe (including the United Kingdom), Iran meat, milk, leather, hides, antlers, velvet, pets Captive-bred 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Roman snail (Helix pomatia) 100 CE Europe meat, eggs, shells, slime, pets Captive-bred 7a Mollusca
Stingless bees (Melipona beecheii), (M. scutellaris), (M. bicolor), (M. quadrifasciata) and (M. subnitida) 180 CE Mexico, the Amazon Basin honey, wax, propolis, pollination, pets 6a Hymenoptera
White (Cacatua alba), sulphur-crested (C. galerita), Salmon-crested (Cacatua moluccensis), blue-eyed (C. ophthalmica), and Red-vented cockatoos (C. haematuropygia); long-billed (C. tenuirostris), western (C. pastinator), little (C. sanguinea) and Tanimbar corellas (C. goffiniana) the Tang dynasty (618–907 CE) (C. alba) China, Australia, Indonesia, New Guinea pets, show Captive-bred 2e Psittaciformes
Great (Phalacrocorax carbo) and Japanese cormorants (P. capillatus) 960 CE China, Japan fishing 2g Other birds
Mute swan (Cygnus olor) 1000-1500 CE Europe (including the United Kingdom) meat, feathers, ornamental, guarding, pets 2a Anseriformes
House cricket (Acheta domesticus) the 12th century CE Southwestern Asia, China, Japan meat, animal feed, fighting, pets Somewhat common in captivity, very common in the wild 6b Other insects
Common quail (Coturnix coturnix) 1100–1900 CE Eurasia meat, eggs, research, pets 2b Galliformes
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) 1200–1500 CE Europe, Asia meat, eggs, pets 5a Cyprinidae
Java sparrow (Lonchura oryzivora) the Ming dynasty (1368–1644 CE) China pets Non-wild coloration pied and fancy colored Java sparrows from long Asian captivity lines are hand tamable Threatened in the wild 2d Passeriformes
Siamese fighting fish or betta (Betta splendens); Spotted betta (B. picta) the 19th century CE (uncertain for B. picta) Thailand, Malaysia, Borneo fighting, show, pets Very significant physical and slight behavioral changes Common in captivity 5b Other fish
Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) including subspecies masked bobwhite (C. v. ridgwayi) date uncertain the United States, Sonora meat, eggs, feathers, pets Captive-bred, plumage changes 2b Galliformes
European goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis) date uncertain Europe pets, singing Captive-bred 2d Passeriformes
Indian grey mongoose (Urva edwardsii) date uncertain India pest control, fighting, pets 1c Carnivora
Gambian pouched (Cricetomys gambianus) and Emin's pouched rats (C. emini) at least 1997,[72] but possibly the early 1990s (uncertain for C. emini) Sub-Saharan Africa meat, landmine detection, tuberculosis detection, pest control, pets 1d Rodentia
Golden (Chrysolophus pictus) and Lady Amherst's pheasants (C. amherstiae) date uncertain China ornamental, pest control, pets 2b Galliformes
Common (Phasianus colchicus) and green pheasants (P. versicolor) date uncertain Asia, Japan meat, eggs, ornamental, pest control, pets 2b Galliformes
Sika deer (Cervus nippon)[73] date uncertain China, Taiwan, Japan meat, hides, antlers, tourism, pets 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Common (Taurotragus oryx) and Giant eland (T. derbianus) date uncertain Zimbabwe, South Africa, Kenya meat, milk, leather, hides, horns 1b Bovidae
American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)[74] date uncertain the southeastern United States meat, hides, teeth, blood, pets Captive-bred Once uncommon in the wild; captive breeding has led to the species both recovering across and repopulating much of its range. 3d Other reptiles
Eurasian elk or moose (Alces alces)[75] including subspecies Alaskan moose (A. a. gigas) date uncertain Russia, Finland, Sweden, Alaska meat, milk, hides, antlers, working, draft, mount, transportation, research, pets 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus) the 1850s Australia pets, show, talking bird Captive-bred, plumage colour/pattern changes, some breeds are physically larger Fairly common in the wild and in captivity 2e Psittaciformes
Cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) the 1870s Australia pets, show, talking bird Captive-bred, plumage colour/pattern changes Common in the wild and in captivity 2e Psittaciformes
Elk or wapiti (Cervus canadensis) date uncertain North America, Russia, China meat, leather, hides, antlers, velvet, pets Captive-bred 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
European mink (Mustela lutreola) the 1800s Europe, Russia fur 1c Carnivora
Coypu or nutria (Myocastor coypus) the late 19th to the early 20th century CE Argentina meat, fur, aquatic weed control, pets Captive-bred 1d Rodentia
Guppy (Poecilia reticulata);[76] Cauca (P. caucana), sailfin (P. latipinna), shortfin (P. mexicana), liberty (P. salvatoris), common (P. sphenops), and Yucatán mollies (P. velifera); Endler's livebearer (P. wingei) date uncertain Barbados, Brazil, El Salvador, Guyana, Mexico, Venezuela bait, pest control, research, pets 5b Other fish
Lesser fruit fly, vinegar fly or pomace fly (Drosophila melanogaster) the 1910s Australia, South Africa research, animal feed Captive-bred 6b Other insects
Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus) the 1920s China research, biotechnology, pets 1d Rodentia
Rosy-faced (Agapornis roseicollis), yellow-collared (A. personatus), Fischer's (A. fischeri) the 1920s (uncertain for A. personatus, A. fischeri) Africa, Madagascar pets Captive-bred, plumage colour/pattern changes in rosy-faced lovebird 2e Psittaciformes
Rainbowfishes (Melanotaeniidae; various species and subspecies) the 1920s northern and eastern Australia, New Guinea, islands in Cenderawasih Bay and the Raja Ampat Islands in Indonesia pest control, pets 5b Other fish
Golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) the 1930s Syria, Turkey pets, research 1d Rodentia
Turkish hamster (Mesocricetus brandti) the 20th century CE Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, Russia, Turkey pets, research 1d Rodentia
Long-tailed chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera) the 1930s the Andes fur, research, pets 1d Rodentia
Short-tailed chinchilla (Chinchilla chinchilla) the 1930s the Andes fur Raised in captivity Critically endangered in the wild 1d Rodentia
Water flea (Daphnia magna) the 1930s North America, Eurasia, Africa research, animal feed 6c Other arthropods
African (Xenopus laevis) and western clawed frogs (X. tropicalis) the 1950s (uncertain for X. tropicalis) Southern Africa, West Africa research, pets Captive-bred 4a Anura
Sea-monkey (Artemia nyos) the 1950s the United States pets, research Captive-bred 6c Other arthropods
Ball (Python regius), Borneo (P. breitensteini), Sumatran short-tailed (P. curtus) and Brongersma's short-tailed pythons (P. brongersmai) the 1960s (uncertain for P. breitensteini, P. curtus and P. brongersmai) Africa, Sumatra, Borneo, Malaysia pets Captive-bred 3a Serpentes
Burmese python (Python bivittatus) including subspecies dwarf Burmese python (P. b. progschai)[77][78] date uncertain Myanmar, Thailand, Bali, Java, Sulawesi meat, skins, medicine, pets Captive-bred 3a Serpentes
Campbell's dwarf (Phodopus campbelli), winter white dwarf (P. sungorus) and Roborovski dwarf hamsters (P. roborovskii) Domesticated the 1960s Mongolia, Russia, China pets, research 1d Rodentia
Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum); tiger (A. tigrinum) and barred tiger salamanders (A. mavortium) the 20th century CE (uncertain for A. tigrinum and A. mavortium) Mexico, the United States research, pets Slight physical changes A. mexicanum Critically endangered in the wild; A. tigrinum and A. mavortium less threatened 4b Other amphibians
Common leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius) the 20th century CE (uncertain for E. m. afghanicus) Pakistan, Afghanistan pets Slight physical changes Somewhat common in captivity 3b Lacertilia
American bison (Bison bison) including subspecies wood bison (B. b. athabascae) the 20th century CE (uncertain for B. b. athabascae) North America meat, leather, hides, fiber, horns, guarding, pets 1b Bovidae
Companion parrots (Psittaciformes; various species and subspecies)[79][80] the 1980s and 1990s Australia, Africa, Asia, North America, Central America, South America, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia, Fiji pets, show, talking bird, ornamental, guarding, education, therapy Captive-bred, plumage colour changes in some species (e.g. grey parrot, turquoise-fronted amazon, green-cheeked parakeet and others) 2e Psittaciformes
Poison dart frogs (Dendrobatidae spp.) the mid- to late 20th century CE Guyana, Suriname, Brazil, French Guiana, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela pets Slight physical changes; loss of toxicity 4a Anura
Common (Lampropeltis getula), grey-banded (L. alterna), and Thayer's kingsnakes (L. mexicana thayeri); Milk snake (L. triangulum) date uncertain Arizona, Florida, Mexico, California pets 3a Serpentes
Corn (Pantherophis guttatus) and western rat snakes (P. obsoletus) the 1960s (uncertain for P. obsoletus) the United States pets Slight physical changes Somewhat common in captivity, common in the wild 3a Serpentes
Madagascar hissing (Gromphadorhina portentosa) and wide-horned hissing cockroaches (G. oblongonota) the 1960s (uncertain for G. oblongonota) Madagascar pets Captive-bred 6b Other insects
Central bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) and related species the 1970s Australia pets Slight physical changes 3b Lacertilia
Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)[81] the 1970s China meat, algae control 5a Cyprinidae
Sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps)[82] the 1980s Australia pest control, pets 1e Other mammals
Buff-tailed (Bombus terrestris) and common eastern bumblebees (B. impatiens) the 1980s (uncertain for B. impatiens) Europe (including the United Kingdom), North America wax, pollination 6a Hymenoptera
Greater (Rhea americana) and Darwin's rheas (R. pennata)[83] the 1990s (uncertain for R. pennata) South America meat, eggs, feathers, leather, oil, pets 2f Palaeognathae
Australian emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae novaehollandiae) the 1990s Australia meat, eggs, feathers, leather, oil, guarding, pets 2f Palaeognathae
Fringe-eared oryx (Oryx beisa callotis) date uncertain Kenya meat, leather, hides, horns 1b Bovidae
Common degu (Octodon degus) the 1990s the Chilean Andes pets, research 1d Rodentia
Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus); Persian (M. persicus), Libyan (M. libycus), Shaw's (M. shawi), Tristram's (M. tristrami) and Sundevall's jirds (M. crassus) the 1990s (uncertain for M. persicus, M. libycus, M. shawi, M. tristrami and M. crassus) Mongolia, Algeria, Iran, Libya, Turkey, Egypt pets, research 1d Rodentia
Green (Iguana iguana) and Lesser Antillean iguanas (I. delicatissima) the 1990s (uncertain for I. delicatissima) South America, the Lesser Antilles meat, leather, pets Captive-bred 3b Lacertilia
Carpet python (Morelia spilota) including subspecies diamond python (M. s. spilota); eastern (M. s. mcdowelli), Murray Darling (M. s. metcalfei), Torresian (M. s. variegata) and jungle carpet pythons (M. s. cheynei) date uncertain Indonesia, Australia, New Guinea pets Captive-bred 3a Serpentes
Southern green tree (Morelia viridis), southwestern carpet (M. imbricata), rough-scaled (M. carinata) and Bredl's pythons (M. bredli) the mid-1990s (uncertain for M. carinata and M. bredli) Indonesia, Australia, New Guinea pets Captive-bred 3a Serpentes
Red-tailed black (Calyptorhynchus banksii), yellow-tailed black (C. funereus) and glossy black cockatoos (C. lathami) the late 1990s (uncertain for C. funereus and C. lathami) Australia pets, education Captive-bred 2e Psittaciformes
Gouldian finch (Chloebia gouldiae) the late 1990s Australia pets, show 2d Passeriformes
Australian green (Ranoidea caerulea), orange-eyed (R. chloris), leaf green (R. phyllochroa), mountain stream (R. barringtonensis), magnificent (R. splendida), Blue Mountains (R. citropa) and dainty green tree frogs (R. gracilenta); growling grass frog (R. raniformis) the late 20th century CE (uncertain for R. chloris, R. phyllochroa, R. barringtonensis, R. splendida, R. citropa, R. gracilenta and R. raniformis) Australia research, pets Captive-bred 4a Anura
Argentine (Ceratophrys ornata), Brazilian (C. aurita), Venezuelan (C. calcarata), Surinam (C. cornuta), Caatinga (C. joazeirensis), Pacific (C. stolzmanni) and Cranwell's horned frogs (C. cranwelli) the late 20th century CE (uncertain for C. aurita, C. calcarata, C. cornuta, C. joazeirensis, C. stolzmanni and C. cranwelli) Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, Suriname, Ecuador pets Captive-bred 4a Anura
Crucian (Carassius carassius), Japanese white crucian (C. cuvieri) and Prussian carp (C. gibelio); ginbuna (C. langdorfii)[84] the 2000s (uncertain for C. cuvieri, C. gibelio and C. langdorfii) England, Russia, Japan meat, research, pets 5a Cyprinidae
King quail (Synoicus chinensis) date uncertain Asia, Australia pets 2b Galliformes
Common (Corvus corax), white-necked (C. albicollis) and Australian ravens (C. coronoides); carrion (C. corone), hooded (C. cornix), American (C. brachyrhynchos), pied (C. albus) and house crows (C. splendens); rook (C. frugilegus)[85][86][87][88][89][90][91] date uncertain Europe, Africa, India, Australia, North America pest control, research, show, pets 2d Passeriformes
Oriental darter (Anhinga melanogaster)[92] date uncertain India fishing 2g Other birds
Southern (Chauna torquata) and northern screamers (C. chavaria) date uncertain South America guarding 2a Anseriformes
Horned screamer (Anhima cornuta)[93] date uncertain South America guarding 2a Anseriformes
Red-legged seriema (Cariama cristata) date uncertain South America guarding 2g Other birds
Golden (Aquila chrysaetos),[94]eastern imperial (A. heliaca), Spanish imperial (A. adalberti), wedge-tailed (A. audax), steppe (A. nipalensis), tawny (A. rapax), Bonelli's (A. fasciata) and Verreaux's eagles (A. verreauxii); African hawk-eagle (A. spilogaster) date uncertain Europe, North America, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Africa, Australia falconry, intercepting, pest control, show, pets 2g Other birds
Bald (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)[95][96] and white-tailed eagles (H. albicilla); African fish eagle (H. vocifer); white-bellied sea (H. leucogaster) and Steller's sea eagles (H. pelagicus) date uncertain North America, Europe, Russia, Africa, Australia falconry, intercepting, pest control, show, pets 2g Other birds
Harris's hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi)[97] date uncertain the United States falconry, pest control, show, pets 2g Other birds
Eurasian (Astur gentilis),[98] American (Astur atricapillus), crested (Lophospiza trivirgata) and African goshawks (Aerospiza tachiro); Cooper's (Astur cooperii) and sharp-shinned hawks (Accipiter striatus); Eurasian (Accipiter nisus), Ovambo (Accipiter ovampensis), collared (Tachyspiza cirrocephala), Japanese (Tachyspiza gularis) and black sparrowhawks (Astur melanoleucus); besra (Tachyspiza virgata); shikra (Tachyspiza badia); (all previously placed in the Accipiter genus) date uncertain Europe, Asia, Africa, North America falconry, pest control, show, pets 2g Other birds
Eurasian eagle-owl (Bubo bubo)[99] including subspecies Western Siberian (B. b. sibiricus), Eastern Siberian (B. b. yenisseensis) and Turkmenian eagle-owls (B. b. omissus) date uncertain Europe, Russia, Turkmenistan pest control, show, pets 2g Other birds
Tawny owl (Strix aluco)[100] date uncertain Europe (including the United Kingdom) pest control, show, pets 2g Other birds
Puna ibis (Plegadis ridgwayi) date uncertain Peru meat, eggs, pest control 2g Other birds
Celebes warty pig (Sus celebensis)[101] date uncertain Sulawesi meat, tusks, pets Historically farmed 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Red-necked wallaby (Notamacropus rufogriseus),[102] the 2000s Tasmania, South Australia, Western Australia, New South Wales lawn mowing, research, tourism, pets 1e Other mammals
Red kangaroo (Osphranter rufus)[103] date uncertain Australia meat, leather, tourism, pets 1e Other animals
Tiger (Dasyurus maculatus), eastern (D. viverrinus), western (D. geoffroii) and northern quolls (D. hallucatus)[104][105][106][107] date uncertain Australia pest control, pets 1e Other mammals
Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata)[108] date uncertain Bangladesh fishing, pets 1c Carnivora
Beech marten (Martes foina)[109][110] and sable (M. zibellina) date uncertain Europe, Russia, India fur, pest control, pets 1c Carnivora
Fisher or Pennant's marten (Pekania pennanti) date uncertain North America fur, pest control, research, pets 1c Carnivora
Least (Mustela nivalis), Siberian (M. sibirica)[111] and yellow-bellied weasels (M. kathiah); European polecat (M. putorius)[112][113] date uncertain Europe, Russia, India pest control, pets 1c Carnivora
Lesser grison (Galictis cuja) date uncertain South America hunting, pest control, pets 1c Carnivora
Patagonian weasel (Lyncodon patagonicus) date uncertain Argentina, Chile pest control, pets 1c Carnivora
Common raccoon (Procyon lotor)[114] date uncertain North America pest control, show, pets 1c Carnivora
Ringtail (Bassariscus astutus)[115] date uncertain North America, Central America pest control, pets 1c Carnivora
Mountain paca (Cuniculus taczanowskii) date uncertain Mexico, Argentina, Ecuador meat, pets 1d Rodentia
Malayan (Hystrix brachyura),[116]Sunda (H. javanica), Indian crested (H. indica), African crested (H. cristata), Cape (H. africaeaustralis) and Philippine porcupines (H. pumila) date uncertain Vietnam, China, Indonesia, the Philippines, India, Africa meat, quills, pets 1d Rodentia
Steppe lemming (Lagurus lagurus) date uncertain the Eurasian steppe pets 1d Rodentia
Lesser Egyptian (Gerbillus gerbillus), greater Egyptian (G. pyramidum), pale (G. perpallidus) and pleasant gerbils (G. amoenus) date uncertain Egypt, Libya pets 1d Rodentia
Eurasian harvest mouse (Micromys minutus)[117] date uncertain Europe pest control, pets 1d Rodentia
Chinese cobra (Naja atra)[118] date uncertain China venom, skins, pets Captive-bred 3a Serpentes
Crimson rosella (Platycercus elegans) including subspecies Adelaide (P. e. adelaidae) and yellow rosellas (P. e. flaveolus) date uncertain Australia pets Captive-bred 2e Psittaciformes
Western (Platycercus icterotis), green (P. caledonicus), pale-headed (P. adscitus) and northern rosellas (P. venustus) date uncertain Australia pets Captive-bred 2e Psittaciformes
Eastern rosella (Platycercus eximius) including subspecies golden-mantled rosella (P. e. elecica) date uncertain Australia pets Captive-bred 2e Psittaciformes
Hispaniolan (Trachemys decorata), Colombian (T. callirostris), Cuban (T. decussata), D'Orbigny's (T. dorbigni), Nicaraguan (T. emolli), ornate (T. ornata), Jamaican (T. terrapen) and Meso-American sliders (T. venusta) date uncertain Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Colombia, Cuba, Brazil, Uruguay, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Mexico, Jamaica pets Captive-bred 3c Testudines
Pond slider (Trachemys scripta) including subspecies yellow-bellied (T. s. scripta), red-eared (T. s. elegans) and Cumberland sliders (T. s. troostii) date uncertain the south-central and southeastern United States meat, pets Easy to tame Fairly common in captivity, common in the wild 3c Testudines
Chinese softshell turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis)[119] date uncertain China meat, pets Captive-bred 3c Testudines
Chinese pond (Mauremys reevesii) and yellow pond turtles (M. mutica)[120] date uncertain China meat, pets Captive-bred 3c Testudines
Common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina)[121] date uncertain Florida meat, pets Captive-bred 3c Testudines
Keeled box (Cuora mouhotii)[122] and Golden coin turtles (C. trifasciata) date uncertain China meat, pets Captive-bred 3c Testudines
Wattle-necked softshell turtle (Palea steindachneri) date uncertain China meat, pets Captive-bred 3c Testudines
Arrau turtle (Podocnemis expansa)[123] date uncertain Brazil meat, pets Captive-bred 3c Testudines
Saltwater (Crocodylus porosus), Nile (C. niloticus), West African (C. suchus), mugger (C. palustris), American (C. acutus), Cuban (C. rhombifer), Morelet's (C. moreletii), Orinoco (C. intermedius), freshwater (C. johnsoni), Siamese (C. siamensis), Philippine (C. mindorensis) and New Guinea crocodiles (C. novaeguineae)[124][125][126][127][128][129] date uncertain Florida, Cuba, Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Africa, Iran, India, Thailand, Myanmar, Sumatra, Borneo, the Philippines, Australia, Papua New Guinea meat, hides, teeth, blood, fat, guarding, tourism, show, pets Captive-bred 3d Other reptiles
Crimson (Neochmia phaeton) and red-browed finches (N. temporalis) date uncertain New Guinea, Australia pets, show 2d Passeriformes
Star finch (Bathilda ruficauda) date uncertain Australia pets, show 2d Passeriformes
Grey partridge (Perdix perdix) date uncertain Hungary, the United Kingdom meat, eggs, feathers, pets 2b Galliformes
Red-legged (Alectoris rufa), chukar (A. chukar), Philby's (A. philbyi), Arabian (A. melanocephala) and Barbary partridges (A. barbara) date uncertain France, Afghanistan, North Africa, Yemen, Oman meat, eggs, feathers, pets 2b Galliformes
Chinese bamboo partridge (Bambusicola thoracicus) date uncertain China, India meat, eggs, feathers, pets 2b Galliformes
Himalayan monal (Lophophorus impejanus) date uncertain Nepal meat, eggs, feathers, ornamental, pets 2b Galliformes
Scaled (Callipepla squamata), elegant (C. douglasii), Gambel's (C. gambelii) and California quails (C. californica)[130] date uncertain Mexico, Utah, California meat, eggs, feathers, pets 2b Galliformes
Montezuma quail (Cyrtonyx montezumae) date uncertain Mexico meat, eggs, feathers, pets 2b Galliformes
Vulturine guineafowl (Acryllium vulturinum) date uncertain Ethiopia meat, pest control, pets 2b Galliformes
Harlequin (Coturnix delegorguei), rain (C. coromandelica) and stubble quails (C. pectoralis) date uncertain Africa, India, Australia meat, eggs, feathers, pets 2b Galliformes
Edible-nest swiftlet (Aerodramus fuciphagus)[131] date uncertain Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, Singapore nests 2g Other birds
Tarantulas (Theraphosidae, various species and subspecies)[132] date uncertain North America, Central America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, Papua New Guinea research, venom, pets Captive-bred Common in captivity, becoming rare in the wild 6c Other arthropods
Crested (Correlophus ciliatus) and suras geckos (C. sarasinorum) date uncertain New Caledonia pets Captive-bred Somewhat common in captivity, nearly extinct in the wild 3b Lacertilia
Roan (Hippotragus equinus)[133] and sable antelopes (H. niger)[134] date uncertain South Africa meat, horns 1b Bovidae
Greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros),[135] nyala (T. angasii),[136] and Cape bushbuck (T. sylvaticus) date uncertain South Africa meat, hides, horns, pets 1b Bovidae
Blue (Connochaetes taurinus)[137] and black wildebeest (C. gnou)[138] date uncertain South Africa, Kenya meat, leather, hides, horns, pets 1b Bovidae
Bontebok (Damaliscus pygargus pygargus) including subspecies blesbok (D. p. phillipsi)[139] date uncertain South Africa meat, hides, horns 1b Bovidae
Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) date uncertain India, Pakistan meat, hides, horns, pets Historically farmed 1b Bovidae
Scaly-breasted munia (Lonchura punctulata) date uncertain Southeast Asia pets, research Slight physical changes Fairly common in the wild and in captivity 2d Passeriformes
Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) date uncertain India, Pakistan meat, hides, horns, pets 1b Bovidae
Springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis)[140] date uncertain South Africa meat, hides, horns, pets 1b Bovidae
Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia)[141] date uncertain North Africa meat, horns 1b Bovidae
African buffalo (Syncerus caffer)[142][143] date uncertain South Africa meat, leather, horns 1b Bovidae
Collared peccary (Dicotyles tajacu)[144] date uncertain Brazil meat, pets 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Thorold's deer (Cervus albirostris)[145] date uncertain China meat, antlers 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
White-tailed (Odocoileus virginianus)[146] and mule deer (O. hemionus) date uncertain Virginia, West Virginia, Florida, Montana, Canada, Colombia meat, hides, antlers, pets 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Dwarf (Moschus berezovskii), alpine (M. chrysogaster), white-bellied (M. leucogaster) and Siberian musk deer (M. moschiferus)[147][148][149] date uncertain China, India, Russia meat, hides, tusks, musk 1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta)[150][151][152][153] date uncertain South Africa, Ethiopia, Nigeria hunting, guarding, waste management, tourism, show, pets 1c Carnivora
Fennec fox (Vulpes zerda)[154] date uncertain North Africa pest control, pets 1c Carnivora
Grey (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) and island foxes (U. littoralis)[155] date uncertain the eastern United States, the Channel Islands, California pelts, pest control, pets 1c Carnivora
Meerkat or suricate (Suricata suricatta)[156][157] date uncertain South Africa pest control, research, education, therapy, tourism, show, pets 1c Carnivora
Common kusimanse (Crossarchus obscurus) date uncertain West Africa pets, pest control Captive-bred 1c Carnivora
Kissing gourami (Helostoma temminckii) date uncertain Thailand, Indonesia meat, pets 5b Other fish
Giant (Osphronemus goramy),[158][159] giant red tail (O. laticlavius) and elephant ear gouramis (O. exodon) date uncertain Southeast Asia meat, weed control, pets Captive-bred 5b Other fish
Red-bellied (Pygocentrus nattereri), piraya (P. piraya) and black spot piranha (P. cariba) date uncertain South America meat, teeth, research, pets Fairly common in captivity, common in the wild 5b Other fish
Atlantic bluefin (Thunnus thynnus), Pacific bluefin (T. orientalis), southern bluefin (T. maccoyii), yellowfin (T. albacares) and bigeye tunas (T. obesus); albacore or longfin tuna (T. alalunga)[160][161] date uncertain Europe, East Asia, Australia, Hawaii, North America meat, eggs Captive-bred 5b Other fish
European sea (Acipenser sturio), white (A. transmontanus), shortnose (A. brevirostrum), Persian (A. persicus), Siberian (A. baerii), Adriatic (A. naccarii) and starry sturgeons (A. stellatus)[162][163][164][165] date uncertain Europe, Alaska, California, Canada, Iran, Russia, Albania, the Aegean Sea meat, eggs, pets Captive-bred 5b Other fish
Malabar (Epinephelus malabaricus), giant (E. lanceolatus), greasy (E. tauvina), areolate (E. areolatus), dusky (E. marginatus), wavy-lined (E. undulosus), six-bar (E. sexfasciatus) and orange-spotted groupers (E. coioides)[166][167][168] date uncertain Asia, Australia, Fiji, South Africa, Italy, the Indo-Pacific meat Captive-bred 5b Other fish
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss); Chinook (O. tshawytscha) and Masu salmon (O. masou) date uncertain Europe, Asia, North America meat, eggs Captive-bred 5b Other fish
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (S. trutta) date uncertain Europe (including the United Kingdom), Alaska, Canada, Chile, Russia, Australia, Tasmania meat, eggs Captive-bred 5b Other fish
Barramundi (Lates calcarifer),[169] Japanese lates (L. japonicus) and Nile perch (L. niloticus)[170] date uncertain the United Kingdom, Poland, the United States, India, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Australia, Japan, Africa meat, pets Captive-bred 5b Other fish
Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) date uncertain the United States, Asia, Panama, Mexico meat Captive-bred 5b Other fish
European bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) date uncertain Europe meat Captive-bred 5b Other fish
Milkfish (Chanos chanos)[171] date uncertain the Philippines, Taiwan, Indonesia meat Captive-bred 5b Other fish
Northern pike (Esox lucius)[172] date uncertain Europe meat, eggs, research, pets Captive-bred 5b Other fish
Alligator (Atractosteus spatula), Cuban (A. tristoechus) and tropical gars (A. tropicus)[173][174][175] date uncertain North America, Cuba, Costa Rica meat, pets Captive-bred 5b Other fish
Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) date uncertain China meat, weed control 5a Cyprinidae
Black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) date uncertain China meat, pest control, medicine 5a Cyprinidae
Bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) date uncertain China meat 5a Cyprinidae
Giant barb (Catlocarpio siamensis)[176] date uncertain Vietnam meat, pets 5a Cyprinidae
Arapaima (Arapaima gigas)[177][178] date uncertain the Amazon Basin meat, pets Captive-bred 5b Other fish
Wels catfish (Silurus glanis)[179] date uncertain Europe meat Captive-bred 5b Other fish
Iridescent shark (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) and Mekong giant catfish (P. gigas)[180] date uncertain Southeast Asia meat, pets Captive-bred 5b Other fish
Flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus)[181] date uncertain California, Colorado meat Captive-bred 5b Other fish
Green (Etroplus suratensis)[182] and orange chromides (E. maculatus); Canara pearlspot (E. canarensis) date uncertain India meat, pets Captive-bred 5b Other fish
Northern red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus)[183] date uncertain the Gulf of Mexico meat, research Captive-bred 5b Other fish
Greater (Seriola dumerili), Japanese (S. quinqueradiata) and yellowtail amberjacks (S. lalandi); longfin yellowtail (S. rivoliana)[184][185] date uncertain the Mediterranean Sea, Japan, Chile, Hawaii meat Captive-bred 5b Other fish
Southern (Paralichthys lethostigma) and olive flounders (P. olivaceus)[186] the 1980s (uncertain for P. lethostigma) the United States, Japan, China, Korea meat Captive-bred 5b Other fish
European eel (Anguilla anguilla) date uncertain Europe, North America meat Captive-bred[187] 5b Other fish
Sugarbag bee (Tetragonula carbonaria) and Indian stingless bee (T. iridipennis) date uncertain Australia, India honey, wax, propolis, pollination 6a Hymenoptera
Dubia roach (Blaptica dubia) date uncertain Central America, South America animal feed, pets Captive-bred 6b Other insects
Mealworm (Tenebrio molitar) and superworm (Zophobas morio) date uncertain Europe meat, animal feed, research Captive-bred 6b Other insects
Red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) date uncertain the United States research Captive-bred 6b Other insects
Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens)[188] date uncertain the United States meat, animal feed, pollination, decomposing Captive-bred 6b Other insects
Waxworms (Achroia grisella and Galleria mellonella) date uncertain Europe? meat, bait, animal feed, research Captive-bred 6b Other insects
American cockroach (Periplaneta americana)[189] date uncertain North America meat, medicine, pets Captive-bred 6b Other insects
Flame jellyfish (Rhopilema esculentum)[190] date uncertain China meat, medicine, pets Captive-bred 7c Other animals
Common (Octopus vulgaris), common Sydney (O. tetricus), big blue (O. cyanea), Mexican four-eyed (O. maya), California two-spot (O. bimaculoides), Gould's (O. mimus), long arm (O. minor), Caribbean reef (O. briareus), Caribbean dwarf (O. mercatoris) and East Pacific red octopuses (O. rubescens)[191][192][193][194][195][196] date uncertain Europe, Asia, North America, Western Australia, Hawaii, the Caribbean Sea meat, ink, research, pets Captive-bred 7a Mollusca
Common periwinkle (Littorina littorea) date uncertain Europe meat, shells Captive-bred 7a Mollusca
Garden snail (Cornu aspersum) date uncertain Europe meat, eggs, shells, slime, pets Captive-bred 7a Mollusca
Giant Ghana African snail (Achatina achatina)[197] date uncertain Ghana, Kenya meat, eggs, shells, slime, pets Captive-bred 7a Mollusca
Giant East African (Lissachatina fulica)[198] and African land snails (L. albopicta) date uncertain East Africa meat, shells, slime, education, pets Captive-bred 7a Mollusca
Pacific (Eptatretus stoutii) and inshore hagfishes (E. burgeri)[199][200] date uncertain the United States, South Korea, Japan meat, skins, slime Captive-bred 5b Other fish
Mud crab (Scylla serrata) date uncertain Asia meat, pets Captive-bred 6c Other arthropods
Flower crab (Portunus armatus)[201][202] date uncertain Australia meat Captive-bred 6c Other arthropods
European (Homarus gammarus) and American lobsters (H. americanus)[203][204][205] date uncertain Europe, the United States meat Captive-bred 6c Other arthropods
American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus), northern leopard (L. pipiens), pig (L. grylio), and northern green frogs (L. clamitans melanota) date uncertain North America meat, education, research, pets Captive-bred 4a Anura
Pool (Pelophylax lessonae) and marsh frogs (P. ridibundus)[206] date uncertain Europe meat, pets Captive-bred 4a Anura
Crab-eating frog (Fejervarya cancrivora) date uncertain Java meat Captive-bred 4a Anura
Chinese edible frog (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus) and Indus Valley bullfrog (H. tigerinus) date uncertain China, Thailand meat, pets Captive-bred 4a Anura
Blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) the 14th century CE Europe meat, pets Captured in the wild or captive-bred Extended in the wild and in captivity 7a Mollusca
New Zealand green-lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus) the 1970s New Zealand meat, pets Captured in the wild and captive-bred 7a Mollusca
Purple dye murex (Bolinus brandaris) classical antiquity (date uncertain) the central and western Mediterranean Sea Tyrian purple, meat Historically captive-bred No longer farmed 7a Mollusca
Striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) the 19th century CE[citation needed] North America pelts, pest control, pets Tame when captive-bred, significant physical changes[citation needed] Somewhat common in the wild and in captivity 1c Carnivora

Taxonomical groupings

[edit]

The categories used in the Taxon group column are:

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "How did we ever manage to domesticate so many animals?". Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2009-04-23.
  2. ^ Price, T. Douglas; Bar-Yosef, Ofer (2011). "The Origins of Agriculture: New Data, New Ideas". Current Anthropology. 52: S163–S174. doi:10.1086/659964. S2CID 128906192.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Gentry, A.; Clutton-Brock, J.; Groves, C. P. (2004). "The naming of wild animal species and their domestic derivatives" (PDF). Journal of Archaeological Science. 31 (5): 645–651. Bibcode:2004JArSc..31..645G. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2003.10.006.
  4. ^ Fan, Zhenxin; Silva, Pedro; Gronau, Ilan; Wang, Shuoguo; Armero, Aitor Serres; Schweizer, Rena M.; Ramirez, Oscar; Pollinger, John; Galaverni, Marco; Ortega Del-Vecchyo, Diego; Du, Lianming; Zhang, Wenping; Zhang, Zhihe; Xing, Jinchuan; Vilà, Carles; Marques-Bonet, Tomas; Godinho, Raquel; Yue, Bisong; Wayne, Robert K. (2016). "Worldwide patterns of genomic variation and admixture in gray wolves". Genome Research. 26 (2): 163–173. doi:10.1101/gr.197517.115. PMC 4728369. PMID 26680994.
  5. ^ Sablin, Mikhail V.; Khlopachev, Gennady A. (2002). "The Earliest Ice Age Dogs: Evidence from Eliseevichi 11". Current Anthropology. 43 (5): 795–799. doi:10.1086/344372. S2CID 144574445.
  6. ^ a b Thalmann, O.; Shapiro, B.; Cui, P.; Schuenemann, V. J.; Sawyer, S. K.; Greenfield, D. L.; Germonpré, M. B.; Sablin, M. V.; López-Giráldez, F.; Domingo-Roura, X.; Napierala, H.; Uerpmann, H. -P.; Loponte, D. M.; Acosta, A. A.; Giemsch, L.; Schmitz, R. W.; Worthington, B.; Buikstra, J. E.; Druzhkova, A.; Graphodatsky, A. S.; Ovodov, N. D.; Wahlberg, N.; Freedman, A. H.; Schweizer, R. M.; Koepfli, K. -P.; Leonard, J. A.; Meyer, M.; Krause, J.; Pääbo, S.; et al. (2013). "Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Ancient Canids Suggest a European Origin of Domestic Dogs". Science. 342 (6160): 871–4. Bibcode:2013Sci...342..871T. doi:10.1126/science.1243650. hdl:10261/88173. PMID 24233726. S2CID 1526260.
  7. ^ Ding, Z.-L.; Oskarsson, M.; Ardalan, A.; Angleby, H.; Dahlgren, L.-G.; Tepeli, C.; Kirkness, E.; Savolainen, P.; Zhang, Y.-P. (May 2012). "Origins of domestic dog in Southern East Asia is supported by analysis of Y-chromosome DNA". Heredity. 108 (5): 507–514. doi:10.1038/hdy.2011.114. ISSN 1365-2540. PMC 3330686. PMID 22108628.
  8. ^ Wang, Guo-Dong; Zhai, Weiwei; Yang, He-Chuan; Wang, Lu; Zhong, Li; Liu, Yan-Hu; Fan, Ruo-Xi; Yin, Ting-Ting; Zhu, Chun-Ling; Poyarkov, Andrei D.; Irwin, David M. (January 2016). "Out of southern East Asia: the natural history of domestic dogs across the world". Cell Research. 26 (1): 21–33. doi:10.1038/cr.2015.147. ISSN 1748-7838. PMC 4816135. PMID 26667385.
  9. ^ Crapon de Caprona, Marie-Dominique; Savolainen, Peter (2013). "Extensive Phenotypic Diversity among South Chinese Dogs". ISRN Evolutionary Biology. 2013: 1–8. doi:10.5402/2013/621836. S2CID 56914841.
  10. ^ a b Coppinger, Ray (2001). Dogs: a Startling New Understanding of Canine Origin, Behavior and Evolution. New York: Scribner. ISBN 978-0-684-85530-1.[page needed]
  11. ^ Zeder, Melinda A. (2008). "Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (33): 11597–11604. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10511597Z. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801317105. PMC 2575338. PMID 18697943.
  12. ^ Holt, Ben (13 April 2017). Animal Heroes: True Stories of Extraordinary Creatures. Summersdale Publishers Limited. ISBN 9781786851369.
  13. ^ "The Domestication of Pigs - Sus scrofa's Two Distinct Histories". ThoughtCo. April 29, 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  14. ^ "Pig Domestication in Ancient China". September 12, 2005. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  15. ^ Giuffra, E.; Kijas, J. M.; Amarger, V.; Carlborg, O.; Jeon, J. T.; Andersson, L. (2000). "The origin of the domestic pig: Independent domestication and subsequent introgression". Genetics. 154 (4): 1785–91. doi:10.1093/genetics/154.4.1785. PMC 1461048. PMID 10747069.
  16. ^ Larson, Greger; Dobney, Keith; Albarella, Umberto; Fang, Meiying; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Robins, Judith; Lowden, Stewart; Finlayson, Heather; Brand, Tina; Willerslev, Eske; Rowley-Conwy, Peter; Andersson, Leif; Cooper, Alan (2005). "Worldwide Phylogeography of Wild Boar Reveals Multiple Centers of Pig Domestication". Science. 307 (5715): 1618–21. Bibcode:2005Sci...307.1618L. doi:10.1126/science.1106927. PMID 15761152. S2CID 39923483.
  17. ^ Frantz, Laurent A F.; Schraiber, Joshua G.; Madsen, Ole; Megens, Hendrik-Jan; Cagan, Alex; Bosse, Mirte; Paudel, Yogesh; Crooijmans, Richard P M A.; Larson, Greger; Groenen, Martien A M. (2015). "Evidence of long-term gene flow and selection during domestication from analyses of Eurasian wild and domestic pig genomes". Nature Genetics. 47 (10): 1141–1148. doi:10.1038/ng.3394. PMID 26323058. S2CID 205350534.
  18. ^ "The Pig Pet Idea Project: Plausible or Unimaginable?". Radio Pet Lady Network. October 14, 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  19. ^ Cailey Rizzo. "Junkyard Owner Replaces Guard Dogs With Two Fighting Bulls Because It's Spain". www.travelandleisure.com.
  20. ^ Govan, Fiona (26 October 2016). "Bulls replace guard dogs at scrap yard in Valencia". www.thelocal.es.
  21. ^ Wendorf, Fred; Schild, Romuald (1998). "Nabta Playa and its Role in Northeastern African Prehistory". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 17 (2): 97–123. doi:10.1006/jaar.1998.0319.
  22. ^ Source : Laboratoire de Préhistoire et Protohistoire de l'Ouest de la France "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-06-26. Retrieved 2009-04-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link), (in French).
  23. ^ "Origins of cattle farming in China uncovered". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
  24. ^ Zeder, Melinda A. (2011). "The Origins of Agriculture in the Near East". Current Anthropology. 52: S221–S235. doi:10.1086/659307. S2CID 8202907.
  25. ^ Vigne, Jean-Denis (2011). "The origins of animal domestication and husbandry: A major change in the history of humanity and the biosphere". Comptes Rendus Biologies. 334 (3): 171–181. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2010.12.009. PMID 21377611.
  26. ^ "Guard Goat". Archived from the original on 2018-01-23. Retrieved 2018-01-22.
  27. ^ a b Driscoll, C. A.; Menotti-Raymond, M.; Roca, A. L.; Hupe, K.; Johnson, W. E.; Geffen, E.; Harley, E. H.; Delibes, M.; Pontier, D.; Kitchener, A. C.; Yamaguchi, N.; O'Brien, S. J.; Macdonald, D. W. (2007). "The Near Eastern Origin of Cat Domestication". Science. 317 (5837): 519–523. Bibcode:2007Sci...317..519D. doi:10.1126/science.1139518. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 5612713. PMID 17600185.
  28. ^ West, Barbara; Zhou, Ben-Xiong (1989). "Did chickens go north? New evidence for domestication". World's Poultry Science Journal. 45 (3): 205–218. doi:10.1079/WPS19890012.
  29. ^ "Identity of Pompeii's mystery horse revealed". University of Cambridge. December 17, 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
  30. ^ Beja-Pereira, Albano; et al. (18 June 2004). "African Origins of the Domestic Donkey". Science. 304 (1781): 1781. doi:10.1126/science.1096008. PMID 15205528. S2CID 12783335.
  31. ^ Roger Blench, "The history and spread of donkeys in Africa" (PDF). (235 KB)
  32. ^ Wu1, Dong-Dong; Ding, Xiang-Dong; Wang, Sheng; Wójcik, Jan M.; Zhang, Yi; Tokarska, Małgorzata; Li, Yan; Wang, Ming-Shan; Faruque, Omar; Nielsen, Rasmus; Zhang, Qin; Zhang, Ya-Ping (July 2018). "Pervasive introgression facilitated domestication and adaptation in the Bos species complex" (PDF). Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2 (7): 1139–1145. Bibcode:2018NatEE...2.1139W. doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0562-y. PMID 29784979. S2CID 29154258. Retrieved 10 December 2022.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  33. ^ Mondal, Mohan; Baruah, K K; Rajkhowa, C (1 January 2014). "Mithun: An Animal of Indian Pride". Livestock Research for Rural Development. 26 (1): 6. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
  34. ^ Cockrill, W. R. (1977). The water buffalo (PDF). Rome: Animal Production and Health Series No. 4. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 16, 2013.
  35. ^ Long, J. L. (2003). Introduced Mammals of the World: Their History, Distribution and Influence. Collingwood, Australia: Csiro Publishing. ISBN 9780643099166.
  36. ^ "This is why people drink camel urine". Metro. June 11, 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  37. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  38. ^ "The Genetic History of Horses". Genes to Genomes. November 7, 2016. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
  39. ^ Warmuth, Vera; Eriksson, Anders; Bower, Mim Ann; Barker, Graeme; Barrett, Elizabeth; Hanks, Bryan Kent; Li, Shuicheng; Lomitashvili, David; Ochir-Goryaeva, Maria; Sizonov, Grigory V.; Soyonov, Vasiliy; Manica, Andrea (2012). "Reconstructing the origin and spread of horse domestication in the Eurasian steppe". PNAS. 109 (21): 8202–8206. doi:10.1073/pnas.1111122109. PMC 3361400. PMID 22566639.
  40. ^ Outram, Alan K.; Stear, Natalie A.; Bendrey, Robin; Olsen, Sandra; Kasparov, Alexei; Zaibert, Victor; Thorpe, Nick; Evershed, Richard P. (2009). "The Earliest Horse Harnessing and Milking". Science. 323 (5919): 1332–5. Bibcode:2009Sci...323.1332O. doi:10.1126/science.1168594. PMID 19265018. S2CID 5126719. see also Domestication of the horse
  41. ^ a b Mohamad, Kusdiantoro; Olsson, Mia; van Tol, Helena T. A.; Mikko, Sofia; Vlamings, Bart H.; Andersson, Göran; Rodríguez-Martínez, Heriberto; Purwantara, Bambang; Paling, Robert W. (2009-05-13). "On the Origin of Indonesian Cattle". PLOS ONE. 4 (5): e5490. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.5490M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005490. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 2677627. PMID 19436739.
  42. ^ Buckland, R., & Guy, G. (2002). Goose Production. Chapter 1: Origins and Breeds of Domestic Geese. FAO Agriculture Department.
  43. ^ a b A. Rosati, C. Mosoni and A. Tewolde. [1]
  44. ^ a b c d e D.L Johnson and B.K. Swartz, Jr. Evidence for Pre-Columbian Animal Domestication in the New World
  45. ^ "Guinea fowl". www.thecozynest.com. Archived from the original on 2010-06-23. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
  46. ^ Petrigh, Romina S.; Fugassa, Martín H. (December 13, 2013). "Molecular identification of a Fuegian dog belonging to the Fagnano Regional Museum ethnographic collection, Tierra del Fuego" (PDF). Quaternary International. 317: 14–18. Bibcode:2013QuInt.317...14P. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2013.07.030. hdl:11336/25319. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 20, 2016. Retrieved September 2, 2020.
  47. ^ Martial, Louis-Ferdinand [in French] (2005) [1884–1889]. Mision al Cabo de Hornos, la expedición científica francesa en la Romanche Julio de 1882 a setiembre de 1883 [Mission to Cape Horn, the French scientific expedition in Romanche July 1882 to September 1883] (in Spanish). Ushuaia, Argentina: Zaguier & Urruty Pubs. p. 225.
  48. ^ Glover, James. "The Ancestry Of The Domestic Ferret". PetPeoplesPlace.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2006-09-12.
  49. ^ "New study reveals how wild rabbits were genetically transformed into tame rabbits". Phys. August 28, 2014. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  50. ^ "Interesting Rabbit Domestication History". The American Livestock Breeds Conservancy. September 1, 2005. Archived from the original on Oct 5, 2023.
  51. ^ Svanberg, Ingvar (2008). "Towards a cultural history of the Bengalese Finch (Lonchura domestica)". Der Zoologische Garten. 77 (5–6): 334–344. Bibcode:2008DZGar..77..334S. doi:10.1016/j.zoolgart.2008.05.003.
  52. ^ Royer, Nichole (Feb 23, 2015). "The History of Fancy Mice". American Fancy Rat and Mouse Association. Retrieved 2015-12-25.
  53. ^ Royer, Nichole (February 23, 2015). "The History of Fancy Rats". American Fancy Rat & Mouse Association. Archived from the original on Mar 13, 2024.
  54. ^ Decuypere, E. "Is the Mink Domesticated?" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 17, 2017.
  55. ^ Statham, Mark J.; Trut, Lyudmila N.; Sacks, Ben N.; Kharlamova, Anastasiya V.; Oskina, Irina N.; Gulevich, Rimma G.; Johnson, Jennifer L.; Temnykh, Svetlana V.; Acland, Gregory M.; Kukekova, Anna V. (May 2011). "On the origin of a domesticated species: identifying the parent population of Russian silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes): THE ORIGIN OF RUSSIAN SILVER FOXES". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 103 (1): 168–175. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01629.x. PMC 3101803. PMID 21625363.
  56. ^ Bist, S. S.; Cheeran, J. V.; Choudhury, S.; Barua, P.; Misra, M. K. (2002). "The domesticated Asian elephant in India". In I. Baker; M. Kashio (eds.). In Giants on our hands. Proc. Int. Workshop on the domesticated Asian elephant (PDF). pp. 129–148.
  57. ^ Crawley, Jennie AH; Lahdenperä, Mirkka; et al. (2019). "Investigating changes within the handling system of the largest semi-captive population of Asian elephants". PLOS ONE. 14 (1): e0209701. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1409701C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0209701. PMC 6354975. PMID 30703121.
  58. ^ Locke, Piers (2011). "The ethnography of captive elephant management in Nepal: a synopsis" (PDF). Gajah. 34 (1): 32–40.
  59. ^ "Asian Elephant | National Geographic". National Geographic Society. 7 May 2019. Archived from the original on January 17, 2017.
  60. ^ "What should we do about the 15,000 Asian elephants still in captivity?". 31 August 2016.
  61. ^ Roed, K. H.; Flagstad, O.; Nieminen, M.; Holand, O.; Dwyer, M. J.; Rov, N.; Vila, C. (2008). "Genetic analyses reveal independent domestication origins of Eurasian reindeer". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 275 (1645): 1849–1855. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.0332. PMC 2593925. PMID 18460427.
  62. ^ www.netboot.ch, Programmierung: Netboot Internet Solutions. "CatSG: Caracal". www.catsg.org.
  63. ^ "Ancient people in India and the Middle East tamed cheetahs and trained them to ride horses". The Vintage News. March 10, 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
  64. ^ "Cheetah cub petting is simply a selfie opportunity". Independent Online (South Africa). July 25, 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
  65. ^ Vigne, J.D.; Evin, A.; Cucchi, T.; Dai, L.; Yu, C.; Hu, S.; Soulages, N.; Wang, W.; Sun, Z.; Gao, J.; Dobney, K.; Yuan, J. (2016). "Earliest "Domestic" Cats in China Identified as Leopard Cat (Prionailurus bengalensis)". PLOS ONE. 11 (1): e0147295. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1147295V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147295. PMC 4723238. PMID 26799955.
  66. ^ "Search for the Common Genet (Genetta genetta) and other species in Southern France". Rewilding Foundation. August 31, 2012. Archived from the original on 28 September 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
  67. ^ "The Story of the Fallow Deer: An Exotic Aspect of British Globalisation". Environmental History. November 13, 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
  68. ^ "People Are Keeping Parasitic Leeches as Pets, And Letting Them Drink Their Blood". ScienceAlert. July 21, 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  69. ^ "Leech saliva drug could cut heart attacks by a third". The Daily Telegraph. September 3, 2001. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
  70. ^ "Milking the potential of deer". Deer Industry New Zealand. October 23, 2018. Archived from the original on 8 October 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  71. ^ "Deer Milk Is Apparently a Real Thing (in New Zealand)". Modern Farmer. June 27, 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  72. ^ "We train rats to save lives". APOPO - we train rats to save lives. Archived from the original on 2016-07-30. Retrieved 2017-07-21.
  73. ^ "How to (safely) enjoy Japan's famed deer park". CNN. March 29, 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  74. ^ "Alligator Blood May Lead to Powerful New Antibiotics". National Geographic. April 7, 2008. Archived from the original on June 8, 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
  75. ^ "Once Upon A Time We Farmed Moose". On Pasture. December 2, 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
  76. ^ Khoo, Gideon; Lim, Kok Fang; Gan, Damien K.Y.; Chen, Fan; Chan, Woon-Khiong; Lim, Tit Meng; Phang, Violet P.E. (2002). "Genetic Diversity Within and Among Feral Populations and Domesticated Strains of the Guppy (Poecilia reticulata) in Singapore". Marine Biotechnology. 4 (4): 367–378. Bibcode:2002MarBt...4..367K. doi:10.1007/s10126-002-0007-z. PMID 14961248. S2CID 8358855.
  77. ^ "Gucci owner gets teeth into snakeskin market with python farm". The Guardian. January 25, 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  78. ^ "Kering and IUCN Boa & Python Specialist Group announce first report on captive breeding". IUCN. March 31, 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  79. ^ Engebretson, M. (2006). "The welfare and suitability of parrots as companion animals: a review" (PDF). Animal Welfare. 15 (#3): 263–276. doi:10.1017/S0962728600030475. S2CID 38251688.
  80. ^ "Therapy Birds: Emotional Support Animal? Or Merely A Pet?". Pet Central. July 17, 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  81. ^ "USGS NAS silver carp fact sheet". Archived from the original on 2009-05-10. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
  82. ^ "Cute native sugar gliders offer pest control solution for southern NSW farmers". ABC News. August 20, 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  83. ^ "Lesser Rheas on a farm in Argentina. | Download Scientific Diagram". Retrieved 2020-03-29.
  84. ^ Nanjo, A.; Shibata, T.; Saito, M.; Yoshii, K.; Tanaka, M.; Nakanishi, T.; Fukuda, H.; Sakamoto, T.; Kato, G.; Sano, M. (2017). "Susceptibility of isogeneic ginbuna Carassius auratus langsdorfii Temminck et Schlegel to cyprinid herpesvirus-2 (CyHV-2) as a model species". Journal of Fish Diseases. 40 (2): 157–168. Bibcode:2017JFDis..40..157N. doi:10.1111/jfd.12500. PMID 27150547.
  85. ^ "Hooded Crows as Pets: Keeping the World's Most Intelligent Bird". 12 May 2015.
  86. ^ Woolfson, Esther (22 April 2013). "Crazy for crows". Archived from the original on 2022-01-12 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
  87. ^ "Crows as Pets: The African Pied Crow, a Most Intelligent Bird". 6 May 2013.
  88. ^ "CA Fish and Game seek to euthanize pet raven". CNN iReport. Archived from the original on 2018-03-16. Retrieved 2018-02-03.
  89. ^ "Corvus brachyrhynchos (American crow)". Animal Diversity Web.
  90. ^ "Corvus frugilegus (rook)". Animal Diversity Web.
  91. ^ "I never knew a crow could be so attached to human beings". The Times of India. April 26, 2018. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  92. ^ Stonor, CR (1948). "Fishing with the Indian Darter (Anhinga melanogaster) in Assam". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 47 (4): 746–747.
  93. ^ "Anhima cornuta (horned screamer)". Animal Diversity Web.
  94. ^ "Eagles vs drones: French army trains birds of prey for combat". The Irish Times. November 18, 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  95. ^ "Eagles Trained To Take Down Drones". GearJunkie. February 2, 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
  96. ^ "Bald eagles deployed to defend beachgoers from 'scary' seagull attacks". The Daily Telegraph. April 18, 2019. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  97. ^ "Couple's falconry business takes off". Darlington & Stockton Times. February 18, 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
  98. ^ "Couple's falconry business takes off". Darlington and Stockton Times. 18 February 2011.
  99. ^ "Overdue recognition: owl issued library card after solving university's gull woes". The Guardian. Press Association. 29 July 2015.
  100. ^ "Strix aluco (tawny owl)". Animal Diversity Web.
  101. ^ Brumm, Adam (2022). "Pigs as Pets: Early Human Relations with the Sulawesi Warty Pig (Sus celebensis)". Animals. 13 (1): 48. doi:10.3390/ani13010048. PMC 9817959. PMID 36611658.
  102. ^ "Gardeners buy wallabies as lawnmowers". The Daily Telegraph. May 11, 2009. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  103. ^ "Forget cattle, kangaroos are the future of farming". Stuff. November 8, 2010. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  104. ^ "Senator wants to kick start discussion about allowing certain native animals as pets". news.com.au. March 19, 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  105. ^ "Dasyurus viverrinus (eastern quoll)". Animal Diversity Web. Archived from the original on 2016-05-16. Retrieved 2018-02-01.
  106. ^ "Dasyurus geoffroii (western quoll)". Animal Diversity Web.
  107. ^ "Dasyurus hallucatus (northern quoll)". Animal Diversity Web.
  108. ^ Feeroz, M. M., Begum, S. and Hasan, M. K. (2011). "Fishing with Otters: a Traditional Conservation Practice in Bangladesh". Proceedings of XIth International Otter Colloquium. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin (28A): 14–21.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  109. ^ Parsons, Eleanor. "The 1830s seamstress who solved Aristotle's octopus mystery". New Scientist.
  110. ^ "Martes foina (beech marten)". Animal Diversity Web.
  111. ^ "Posts Tagged 'Kolonok'". Retrieverman. May 15, 2010. Archived from the original on 30 January 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  112. ^ "The Weasel in Antiquity: Pet or Pest?". Found In Antiquity. October 28, 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
  113. ^ "Mustela kathiah (yellow-bellied weasel)". Animal Diversity Web.
  114. ^ "Are Raccoons Good to Have Around the Yard?". homeguides.sfgate.com. 15 November 2012.
  115. ^ "Why This Critter Was The Must-Have Pet For Gold Miners". io9. July 22, 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
  116. ^ "Porcupines Expose Pitfalls of Wildlife Farming". ScienceLine. December 16, 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
  117. ^ "Micromys minutus (Eurasian harvest mouse)". Animal Diversity Web.
  118. ^ Aust, P. W.; Van Tri, N.; Natusch, D. J.; Alexander, G. J. (2017). "Asian snake farms: conservation curse or sustainable enterprise?". Oryx. 51 (3): 498–505. doi:10.1017/S003060531600034X.
  119. ^ Dharmananda, Subhuti, Endangered species issues affecting turtles and tortoises in Chinese medicine, Institute for Traditional Medicine, Portland, Oregon, retrieved 5 September 2016
  120. ^ Haitao, Shi; Parham, James F.; Zhiyong, Fan; Meiling, Hong; Feng, Yin (2008). "Evidence for the massive scale of turtle farming in China". Oryx. 42. doi:10.1017/S0030605308000562 (inactive 2024-11-07).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  121. ^ ""小庭院"养殖龟鳖大有赚头". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2018-01-21.
  122. ^ "Accounts" (PDF). Retrieved 2020-03-29.
  123. ^ Aguiar, Julio C.; Adriano, Edson A.; Mathews, Patrick D. (2017). "Morphology and molecular phylogeny of a new Myxidium species (Cnidaria: Myxosporea) infecting the farmed turtle Podocnemis expansa (Testudines: Podocnemididae) in the Brazilian Amazon". Parasitology International. 66 (1): 825–830. doi:10.1016/j.parint.2016.09.013. PMID 27693559.
  124. ^ "Crocodile farming in Africa – An Interesting Niche Business Many People Don't Know About, and a Success Story from Kenya - Smallstarter Africa". www.smallstarter.com. 2015-10-19.
  125. ^ "Buwama Crocodile Farm Uganda, Crocodile Tourism in Uganda". Speedway Safaris. Archived from the original on 2018-02-03. Retrieved 2018-02-02.
  126. ^ "Crocodile Farm:: trade technology  Project Information". www.primaryinfo.com.
  127. ^ "Crocodile farming in Australia". 30 June 2017. Archived from the original on 2022-12-10 – via www.ft.com.
  128. ^ Crocodile Farming in Papua New Guinea - Crocodiles as a Resource for the Tropics - The National Academies Press. 1983. doi:10.17226/18531. ISBN 978-0-309-29386-0.
  129. ^ "Crocodile Blood: Could be the New Source for Antibiotics and HIV Cure". The Science Times. April 21, 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
  130. ^ Robbins, Gary E.S. (1993). Madelon van der Zee-Willems (ed.). The breeding of quail and partridge in captivity (PDF). World Pheasant Association International Captive Breeding Symposium. pp. 54–58.
  131. ^ "Bird's nest boom". Inside Indonesia. April 18, 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  132. ^ "Spider venom key to pain relief without side-effects". ScienceDaily. April 14, 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
  133. ^ "The many rewards of game farming in the Karoo". Farmers Weekly. May 27, 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
  134. ^ "Big bucks for game ranchers". Mail & Guardian. January 6, 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
  135. ^ "Optimizing game production in a new era: The road to financial success". Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (South Africa). November 17, 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  136. ^ "Breeding high-value game species in North West". Farmers Weekly. November 19, 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  137. ^ "The York family & Breeding Golden Wildebeest". Farmer's Weekly. July 29, 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  138. ^ "Transforming game farming". ANN7. March 13, 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  139. ^ "Eastern Cape farmer earns big with blesbok variants". Farmers Weekly. April 1, 2016. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
  140. ^ "How to start farming high-value game species". Farmer's Weekly. July 10, 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  141. ^ "Barbary sheep: farming potential?". Farmer's Weekly. July 22, 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
  142. ^ "Black gold: disease-free buffalo farming". Farmers Weekly. October 11, 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  143. ^ "Commercial buffalo breeding: 'It's not just for the rich'". Farmers Weekly. July 6, 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
  144. ^ "Pigtrop - about pig production in developing countries - Commercial farming of collared peccary / Genetic and Biodiversity / Subjects". pigtrop.cirad.fr.
  145. ^ "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: White-lipped Deer". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. November 17, 2014.
  146. ^ "Deer Farming Bill Hits a Snag". MetroNews. February 17, 2012. Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  147. ^ "Musk Deer farming as a conservation tool in China (Scanned PDF, 3.7 MB)" (PDF). Retrieved 2020-03-29.
  148. ^ Xiuxiang, Meng; Caiquan, Zhou; Jinchu, Hu; Cao, Li; Zhibin, Meng; Jinchao, Feng; Yijun, Zhou; Yinjiu, Zhu (2006). "Musk deer farming in China". Animal Science. 82: 1–6. doi:10.1079/ASC200516.
  149. ^ "Musk deer farm in Pithoragarh dying slow death?". Hindustan Times. October 15, 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
  150. ^ "In Pics: Ethiopia's Harar city uses hyenas for waste management". Hindustan Times. July 18, 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  151. ^ "Taming Ethiopia's hyenas". BBC News. April 12, 2004. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  152. ^ "The hyena men of Nigeria: Nomads tame baboons and snakes to make them perform". The Independent. March 2, 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  153. ^ Brottman, Mikita (15 February 2013). Hyena. Reaktion Books. ISBN 9781861899415 – via Google Books.
  154. ^ "When Fennec Foxes Make Good Pets". The Spruce Pets.
  155. ^ Coonan, Timothy J.; Schwemm, Catherin A.; Garcelon, David K. (22 July 2010). Decline and Recovery of the Island Fox: A Case Study for Population Recovery. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139491563 – via Google Books.
  156. ^ "Suricata suricatta (meerkat)". Animal Diversity Web.
  157. ^ "Yorkshire meerkats used for therapy in care homes". BBC News. February 21, 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  158. ^ "Osphronemus goramy summary page".
  159. ^ Budi, Darmawan Setia; Alimuddin; Suprayudi, Muhammad Agus (2015). "Growth Response and Feed Utilization of Giant Gourami ( Osphronemus goramy ) Juvenile Feeding Different Protein Levels of the Diets Supplemented with Recombinant Growth Hormone". HAYATI Journal of Biosciences. 22: 12–19. doi:10.4308/hjb.22.1.12.
  160. ^ "US entrepreneurs out to prove yellowfin tuna can be farmed". Undercurrent news. July 8, 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
  161. ^ "Hawaii Approves First Bigeye Tuna Farm". thefishsite.com. 26 October 2009.
  162. ^ "Caviar Dreams: Why A Florida Startup Is Farming Siberian Sturgeon Amid The Spanish Moss". Forbes. November 30, 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  163. ^ Jarvis, Peter L.; Ballantyne, James S. (2 April 2003). "Metabolic responses to salinity acclimation in juvenile shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum". Aquaculture. 219 (1–4): 891–909. Bibcode:2003Aquac.219..891J. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00063-2.
  164. ^ Alavi, Sayyed Mohammad Hadi; Cosson, Jacky (2005). "Sperm motility and fertilizing ability in the Persian sturgeon Acipenser persicus". Aquaculture Research. 36 (9): 841–850. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2005.01292.x.
  165. ^ "As sturgeon farming grows, demand concerns emerge". Global Aquaculture Alliance. November 7, 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
  166. ^ "Greener alternatives for giant grouper". World Wide Fund for Nature. November 6, 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
  167. ^ "FAO: FIGIS query for Greasy Grouper total production". FAO - Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Branch. Archived from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  168. ^ Cunha, Maria Emília; Quental, Hugo; Barradas, Ana; Pousão-Ferreira, Pedro; Cabrita, Elsa; Engrola, Sofia (2009). "Rearing larvae of dusky grouper, Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834), (Pisces: Serranidae) in a semi-extensive mesocosm". Scientia Marina. 73: 201–212. doi:10.3989/scimar.2009.73s1201. hdl:10400.1/4640.
  169. ^ "Barramundi aquaculture". Government of Queensland. June 27, 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
  170. ^ "Nile Perch Farming in Iganga". Fit Insights. May 22, 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2020. [permanent dead link‍]
  171. ^ "Aquaculture". www.fishbase.se.
  172. ^ "Data" (PDF). core.ac.uk. Retrieved 2020-03-29.
  173. ^ Mendoza Alfaro, Roberto; González, Carlos Aguilera; Ferrara, Allyse M. (2008). "Gar biology and culture: Status and prospects". Aquaculture Research. 39 (7): 748–763. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2008.01927.x.
  174. ^ Clay, Tim A.; Suchy, Mark D.; Ferrara, Allyse M.; Fontenot, Quenton C.; Lorio, Wendell (2011). "Early Growth and Survival of Larval Alligator Gar, Atractosteus spatula, Reared on Artificial Floating Feed with or without a Live Artemia spp. Supplement". Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. 42 (3): 412–416. Bibcode:2011JWAS...42..412C. doi:10.1111/j.1749-7345.2011.00481.x.
  175. ^ "The 7 Wonderful Gar of the World". 2016-09-06.
  176. ^ tuoitrenews (2014-11-22). "Cultivating giant carps creates giant profits in Vietnam". Vietnam Breaking News. Retrieved 2019-01-12.
  177. ^ "Saving an Endangered Fish by Eating More of It - BusinessWeek Education Resource Center". resourcecenter.businessweek.com. Archived from the original on 2017-01-06. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
  178. ^ ศิริสัมพันธ์, ธาวิดา (2018-04-07). ศิริวรรณ อะราไพม่า ฟาร์มนครปฐม เพาะเลี้ยงปลาช่อนอะเมซอนส่งขายทั่วโลก ได้เพียงที่เดียวในประเทศ. Technology Chaoban Magazine (in Thai).
  179. ^ "Silurus glanis (wels catfish)". www.cabi.org.
  180. ^ Hoseini, Seyyed Morteza; Rajabiesterabadi, Hamid; Tarkhani, Reza (2015). "Anaesthetic efficacy of eugenol on iridescent shark, Pangasius hypophthalmus(Sauvage, 1878) in different size classes". Aquaculture Research. 46 (2): 405–412. doi:10.1111/are.12188.
  181. ^ "FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture - Aquatic species". 5 November 2015. Archived from the original on 5 November 2015.
  182. ^ Anoop, Aabha (November 1, 2016). "Reaping gold from Karimeen farming". The Hindu. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
  183. ^ "Gulf Coast Research Laboratory". gcrl.usm.edu.
  184. ^ "FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture Seriola dumerili". www.fao.org.
  185. ^ "Amberjack culture" (PDF). www.oceanicinstitute.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-07-29. Retrieved 2020-03-29.
  186. ^ Alam, M.S.; Watanabe, W.O.; Carroll, P.M.; Gabel, J.E.; Corum, M.A.; Seaton, P.; Wedegaertner, T.C.; Rathore, K.S.; Dowd, M.K. (2018). "Evaluation of genetically-improved (glandless) and genetically-modified low-gossypol cottonseed meal as alternative protein sources in the diet of juvenile southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma reared in a recirculating aquaculture system". Aquaculture. 489: 36–45. Bibcode:2018Aquac.489...36A. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.02.006.
  187. ^ Sørensen, Sune Riis; Tomkiewicz, Jonna; Munk, Peter; Butts, Ian A.E.; Nielsen, Anders; Lauesen, Peter; Graver, Christian (2016). "Ontogeny and growth of early life stages of captive-bred European eel". Aquaculture. 456: 50–61. Bibcode:2016Aquac.456...50S. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.01.015.
  188. ^ "Intensive Black Soldier Fly Farming". SymTon. July 30, 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
  189. ^ "Cockroach farms multiplying in China". Los Angeles Times. October 15, 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
  190. ^ Dong, Jing; Jiang, Lian-xin; Tan, Ke-fei; Liu, Hai-Ying; Purcell, Jennifer E.; Li, Pei-jun; Ye, Chang-Chen (2009). "Stock enhancement of the edible jellyfish (Rhopilema esculentum Kishinouye) in Liaodong Bay, China: A review". Hydrobiologia. 616 (1): 113–118. Bibcode:2009HyBio.616..113D. doi:10.1007/s10750-008-9592-9. S2CID 25418081.
  191. ^ "Tantalising tentacles: octopus could be the next big thing in aquaculture". The Conservation. August 29, 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  192. ^ Rosas, Carlos; Cuzon, Gerard; Pascual, Cristina; Gaxiola, Gabriela; Chay, Darwin; López, Nelda; Maldonado, Teresita; Domingues, Pedro M. (2007). "Energy balance of Octopus maya fed crab or an artificial diet". Marine Biology. 152 (2): 371–381. Bibcode:2007MarBi.152..371R. doi:10.1007/s00227-007-0692-2. S2CID 88668944.
  193. ^ Solorzano, Yesika; Viana, María Teresa; López, Lus M.; Correa, Juan Gabriel; True, Conal C.; Rosas, Carlos (2009). "Response of newly hatched Octopus bimaculoides fed enriched Artemia salina: Growth performance, ontogeny of the digestive enzyme and tissue amino acid content". Aquaculture. 289 (1–2): 84–90. Bibcode:2009Aquac.289...84S. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.12.036.
  194. ^ Baltazar, Paul; Rodríguez, Pilar; Rivera, William; Valdivieso, Violeta (2014). "Cultivo Experimental de Octopus Mimus, Gould 1852 en el Perú". Revista Peruana de Biología. 7 (2): 151–160. doi:10.15381/rpb.v7i2.6818.
  195. ^ "Octopus Aquaculture A tour Of The Kanaloa Octopus Farm". Reefbuilders. July 10, 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  196. ^ "Octopus briareus (Caribbean reef octopus)". Animal Diversity Web.
  197. ^ "Starting your snail farm in Ghana". GhanaCulturePolitics. August 13, 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  198. ^ "Snail Farming - How to farm these slow creatures for fast profits in Africa - Smallstarter Africa". www.smallstarter.com. 2013-02-23.
  199. ^ "Slimy hagfish farms growing". The Herald. April 14, 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  200. ^ "Hagfish Slime: Biomaterial Of The Future?". IFLScience. 29 September 2014.
  201. ^ "commercial blue swimmer crab farming in Queensland". Prezi. June 24, 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
  202. ^ "Crab and mud crab farm" (PDF). www.acfs.go.th. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-08-02. Retrieved 2020-03-29.
  203. ^ "Could lobster farming become a new industry for Coastal areas?". 2014-07-10.
  204. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-02-05. Retrieved 2018-02-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  205. ^ "Info" (PDF). www.diversifyfish.eu. Retrieved 2020-03-29.
  206. ^ "Intensive frog farming takes giant leap forward". New Scientist. September 1, 2009. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_domesticated_animals&oldid=1259458514"