Water opossum

Water opossum
	Chironectes minimus
	Taxidermy, Swedish Museum of Natural History
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Infraclass:	Marsupialia
Order:	Didelphimorphia
Family:	Didelphidae
Subfamily:	Didelphinae
Tribe:	Didelphini
Genus:	Chironectes; Illiger, 1811
Species:	C. minimus
Binomial name
	Chironectes minimus; (Zimmermann, 1780)
	Water opossum range
Synonyms
	List Latra minima Zimmermann, 1780; Lutra memina Boddaert, 1784; Chironectes memina (Boddaert, 1784); Mustela (Lutra) paraguensis Kerr, 1792; Mustela (Lutra) guianensis Kerr, 1792; Lutra gujanensis Link, 1795; Lutra saricovienna G. Shaw, 1800; Mustela cayennensis Turton, 1800; Didelphis palmata Daudin, 1802; Chironectes palmata (Daudin, 1820); Lutra memia Desmarest, 1803; Lutra memmina Desmarest, 1804; Didelphis memmina (Desmarest, 1804); Sarigua memmina (Desmarest, 1804); Chironectes variegatus Illiger, 1815 nomen nudum; Didelphis lutreola Oken, 1816; Chironectes variegatus Olfers, 1818; Chironectes yapok Desmarest, 1820; Chironectes langsdorffi Boitard, 1842; Chironectes panamensis Goldman, 1914; Chironectes menima bresslaui Pohle, 1927; Chironectes argyrodytes Dickey, 1928;

The water opossum (Chironectes minimus), also locally known as the yapok (/ˈjæpɒk/), is a marsupial of the family Didelphidae.^[3] It is the only monotypic species of its genus, Chironectes.^[4] This semiaquatic creature is found in and near freshwater streams and lakes from Mexico through Central and South America to Argentina and is the most aquatic living marsupial (the lutrine opossum also has semiaquatic habits). It is also the only extant marsupial species in which both sexes have a pouch. The now extinct thylacine, commonly referred to as the Tasmanian tiger, also exhibited this trait.^[5]

The local name for the water opossum, "yapok", may come from the name of the Oyapock River in French Guiana.^{[citation needed]}

Physical appearance

The water opossum is small, measuring 27–32.5 cm (10.6–12.8 in) long, with a 36–40 cm (14–16 in) long tail. The fur is in a marbled grey and black pattern, while the muzzle, eyestripe, and crown are all black. A light band runs across the forehead anterior to the ears, which are rounded and hairless. There are sensory facial bristles in tufts above each eye, as well as whiskers. The water opossum's tail, furred and black at the base, is yellow or white at its end. The hind feet of the water opossum are webbed, while the forefeet ("hands") are not. The forefeet can be used to feel for and grab prey as the animal swims, propelled by its tail and webbed back feet.^[6] Unlike other didelphids, the water opossum does not have a cloaca.^[7]

Aquatic adaptations

The water opossum has several adaptations for its watery lifestyle. It has short, dense fur, which is water-repellent. The broad hind feet are webbed and are used for propulsion through water, moving with alternate strokes. They are symmetrical as well, which distributes force equally along both borders of the webbing; this increases the efficiency of the water opossum's movement through the water. The water opossum's long tail also aids in swimming.^{[citation needed]}

Being a marsupial and at the same time an aquatic animal, the water opossum has evolved a way to protect its young while swimming. A strong ring of muscle makes the pouch (which opens to the rear) watertight, so the young remain dry, even when the mother is totally immersed in water.^[6] The male also has a pouch (although not as watertight as the female's), where he places his genitalia before swimming.^[7] This is thought to prevent them from becoming entangled in aquatic vegetation and is probably helpful in streamlining the animal as well.^{[citation needed]}

Reproduction

Water opossums mate in December and a litter of 1–5 young is born 12 to 14 days later in the nest. By 22 days the offspring are beginning to show some fur, and by 40 days or so their eyes are open, their bodies protruding from the mother's pouch. At 48 days of age, the young opossums detach from the nipples, but they still nurse and sleep with the mother.^{[citation needed]}

Fossil record

The water opossum seems to have a history dating as far back as to the Pliocene Epoch. The first Pliocene occurrences were recorded in 1902, 1906, and 1917 when two fragments of left mandibular ramus with alveoli (characterized as MACN 2464 and MACN 3515), as well as the fragment of the distal end of a humerus (MACN 3675) were collected near the city of Parani, Entre Rios Province, Argentina. The mandibular fossils, MACN 2464 and 3515 were known to be from the water opossum because their teeth were nearly indistinguishable from living populations of the organism in present day. Additionally, water opossum teeth are characteristically different from other didelphids, likely because they are the only semi-aquatic marsupials, making these teeth easy to identify.^[8]

Holocene subfossil fragments of Chironectes have been discovered in São Paulo, Brazil. Also, there are fossil specimens from the late Pleistocene–recent cave deposits in Minas Gerais, Brazil, as well as from the late Pliocene in Entre Ríos Province, Argentina.^{[citation needed]}

Subspecies

Chironectes minimus argyrodytes Dickey, 1928 - southern Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and northern Nicaragua^[2]
Chironectes minimus paraguensis (Kerr, 1792) - southeastern Brazil, eastern Paraguay, northern Uruguay, and northeastern Argentina^[2]
Chironectes minimus minimus Zimmermann, 1780) - southern Colombia, southern Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, northern and western Brazil, much of Peru, and western Bolivia^[2]
Chironectes minimus panamensis Goldman, 1914 - southern Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, northern and western Colombia, northern Venezuela, western Ecuador, and northwestern Peru^[2]

References

Footnotes

^ Pérez-Hernandez, R.; Brito, D.; Tarifa, T.; Cáceres, N.; Lew, D.; Solari, S. (2016). "Chironectes minimus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T4671A22173467. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4671A22173467.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Gardner, Alfred L. (2007). Mammals of South America Volume 1 Marsupials, Xenarthrans, Shrews, and Bats. Chicago 60637: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-28240-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^ * Gardner, A.L. (2005). "Order Didelphimorphia". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Water-opossum" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 384.
^ "National Museum of Australia - Extinction of thylacine".
^ ^a ^b Fernandez, Fernando Antonio dos Santos, et al. "Natural history of the water opossum Chironectes minimus: a review." Oecologia Australis 19.1 (2015).
^ ^a ^b Nogueira, José Carlos, et al. "Morphology of the male genital system of Chironectes minimus and comparison to other didelphid marsupials." Journal of mammalogy 85.5 (2004): 834-841.
^ Marshall, L. G. (1977). "First Pliocene Record of the Water Opossum, Chironectes minimus (Didelphidae, Marsupialia)". Journal of Mammalogy. 58 (3): 434–436. doi:10.2307/1379349. ISSN 1545-1542. JSTOR 1379349.

Bibliography

Reid, Fiona A. (June 2, 2009). A Field Guide to the Mammals of Central America & Southeast Mexico (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 46–47. ISBN 978-0-195-34322-9. OCLC 312626014.
Eisenberg, John F.; Redford, Kent H. (May 15, 2000). Mammals of the Neotropics, Volume 3: The Central Neotropics: Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil. University of Chicago Press. pp. 51–52. ISBN 978-0-226-19542-1. OCLC 493329394.

External links

Gorog, A (1999). "Chironectes minimus". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
Oxford University Press, Journal of Mammalogy, Volume 90, Issue 1, 18 February 2009, Pages 93–103
"Mammals of the World: Water Opossum". YouTube. 27 August 2011. Archived from the original on 2021-12-12.

[iucn_status_12_November_2021-1] Pérez-Hernandez, R.; Brito, D.; Tarifa, T.; Cáceres, N.; Lew, D.; Solari, S. (2016). "Chironectes minimus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T4671A22173467. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4671A22173467.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.

[gardner-2] Gardner, Alfred L. (2007). Mammals of South America Volume 1 Marsupials, Xenarthrans, Shrews, and Bats. Chicago 60637: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-28240-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)

[MSW3-3] * Gardner, A.L. (2005). "Order Didelphimorphia". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

[4] Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Water-opossum" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 384.

[5] "National Museum of Australia - Extinction of thylacine".

[Fernandez-6] Fernandez, Fernando Antonio dos Santos, et al. "Natural history of the water opossum Chironectes minimus: a review." Oecologia Australis 19.1 (2015).

[Nogueira-7] Nogueira, José Carlos, et al. "Morphology of the male genital system of Chironectes minimus and comparison to other didelphid marsupials." Journal of mammalogy 85.5 (2004): 834-841.

[8] Marshall, L. G. (1977). "First Pliocene Record of the Water Opossum, Chironectes minimus (Didelphidae, Marsupialia)". Journal of Mammalogy. 58 (3): 434–436. doi:10.2307/1379349. ISSN 1545-1542. JSTOR 1379349.

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Taxon identifiers
Chironectes minimus	Wikidata: Q660423 Wikispecies: Chironectes minimus ADW: Chironectes_minimus BOLD: 73369 CoL: 5XT73 EoL: 289603 GBIF: 5219955 iNaturalist: 42700 IRMNG: 10218353 ITIS: 552533 IUCN: 4671 MDD: 1000017 MSW: 10400032 NCBI: 91500 Observation.org: 82572 Open Tree of Life: 440151 Paleobiology Database: 100307
Lutra minima	Wikidata: Q109647345 GBIF: 10916281