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Trow (folklore)

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Not to be confused with Drow.

A trow [trʌu][a](also trowe, drow, or dtrow) is a malignant or mischievous fairy or spirit in the folkloric traditions of the Orkney and Shetland islands. Trows may be regarded as monstrous giants at times, or quite the opposite, short-statured fairies dressed in grey.

Trows are nocturnal creatures, like the troll of Scandinavian legend with which the trow shares many similarities. They venture out of their 'trowie knowes' (earthen mound dwellings) solely in the evening, and often enter households as the inhabitants sleep. Trows traditionally have a fondness for music, and folktales tell of their habit of kidnapping musicians or luring them to their dens.

Terminology

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The trow [trʌu], in the Scots language, is defined as a ‘sprite or fairy’ of mischievous nature in dictionaries of Scots, particularly Orcadian and Shetland dialects.[2][3]

Etymology

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The standard etymology derives the term trow from troll (Norwegian: trold; Old Norse: troll) of Scandinavian folklore.[2] Norwegian trold (troll) can signify not just a 'giant', but a 'specter, ghost' (spøkelse) as well.[4][5]

As an alternate etymology, John Jamieson's Scottish dictionary conjectured that the word trow may be a corruption of Scandinavian draug.[6][b] It may be worth noting that the Norwegian "sea-draug" (Norwegian: draug; Danish: søe-drau,[10] søe-draul[11]) was either a sub-type or equivalent to the sea-troll/sea-trold, according to 18th century tracts by Dano-Norwegians.[10][11][c]

drow

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The trow is also called drow under its variant spelling in the Insular dialects of Scots;[12] the "drow" being mentioned by Walter Scott.[d][13] However, the term "drow" could also be used in the sense of ‘the devil’ in Orkney.[12][15]

The word drow also occurs in the Shetland Norn language, where it means ‘huldrefolk’("the hidden people", fairies), ‘troll-folk’,[14] or ‘ghost’.[16] As drow is not a Norse language spelling, linguist Jakob Jakobsen proposed it was taken from the common (Scots) term "trow" altered to drow by assimilation with Old Norse draugr or Norwegian draug.[14] The reconstructed Shetland word would be *drog if it did descend from Old Norse draugr, but this is unattested, nor was it adopted into the Nynorn vocabulary to supersede the known form.[16]

General description

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It was considered taboo to speak about trows.[e] It was also considered unlucky to catch sight of a trow, though auspicious to hear one speaking.[18]

Their portrayed appearance can vary greatly: in some telling gigantic and even multi-headed, as are some giants in English lore;[19] else small or human-sized, like ordinary fairies, but dressed in grey.[20]

Trows consist of two kinds, the hill-trows (land trows) and sea-trows,[21] and the two kinds are said to be mortal enemies.[22]

Of the hill-dwelling types, it is said they can only appear out of their dwellings ("knowes"=knolls; "trowie knowes") after sunset, and if they miss the opportunity to return before sunrise, they do not perish but must await above ground and bide his time until "the Glüder (the sun) disappears again".[23]

The trows are fond of music and constantly play the fiddle themselves.[18] Sometimes a human learns such tunes, and there are traditional tunes purported to have been learned from the supernatural creatures (cf. §Trowie tunes below).

Tales are also told of human fiddlers being abducted by trows to their mounds, and although released after what seems a brief stay, many long years have elapsed in the outside world, and the victim turns to dust,[24][25] or chooses to die.[28]

Sea-trow

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See also: tangie

There are varying descriptions concerning the sea-trow.

An early account is that of the trow (Latin: Troicis recté Trowis)[f] of Stronsay, as described by Jo. Ben (i.e., John or Joseph Ben)'s[g] Description of the Orkney Islands (1529); it was a maritime monster resembling a colt whose entire body was cloaked in seaweed, with a coiled or matted coat of hair, sexual organs like a horse's, and known to engage in sexual intercourse [h] with the women of the island.[31][35]

The sea-trow of Orkney is "the ugliest imaginable" according to W. Traill Dennison, who says that it has been represented as a scaly creature with matted hair,[36] having monkey-like face and sloping head. It was said to be frail-bodied with disproportionately huge sets of limbs, disc-shaped feet ("round as a millstone") with webbings on their hands and feet, causing them to move with a lumbering and "wabbling" slow gait.[22][37]

However, in Shetland, "da mokkl sea-trow", a great evil spirit that dwelled in the depths,[39][38] was said to take on the shape of a woman, at least in some instances.[41]

It is blamed for awaiting in the depths and stealing from the fish caught on fishermen's lines,[22] and otherwise feared for causing storms or causing ill luck to fishermen.[38] In the form of the wailing woman, she portends some misfortune befalling the witness/audience.[38]

According to Samuel Hibbert the sea-trow was a local version of the neckar, and he specified that it was reputed to be decked with various stuff from out of the sea, especially fuci (Fucus spp. of seaweed),[42] whose larger forms near shore are known as "tang" in Shetland.[43][44] And though Hibbert does not make the connection, E. Marwick equated the sea-trow with the "tangy", as already noted.[45]

Landmarks

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Most mounds in Orkney are associated with "mound-dweller[s]" (hogboon; Old Norse: haugbúinn; Norwegian: haugbonde) living inside them,[46] and though local lore does always specify, the dweller is commonly the trow.[47]

A reputedly trow-haunted mound may not in fact be a burial mound. The Long Howe in Tankerness, a glacial mound, was believed to contain trows, and thus avoided after dark.[48] A group of mounds around Trowie Glen in Hoy are also geological formations, but feared for its trows throughout the valley,[49] and also unapproached after dark.[50]

The stone circle on Fetlar has been dubbed the Haltadans (meaning ‘Limping Dance’) since according to legend, they represent a group of petrified music-loving trows who were so engrossed by dancing to the trowie fiddler's tunes that they failed to hide before dawn's break.[51]

On the mainland in Canisbay, Caithness is a "Mire of Trowskerry" associated with trows.[1]

Trowie tunes

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Some Shetland fiddle tunes are said to have come to human fiddlers when they heard the trows playing, and are known as "Trowie Tunes".[51][52][53] A selection is offered in the anthology Da Mirrie Dancers (1985).[54]

"Da Trøila Knowe" ('The Knoll of the Trolls') is one example.[55] "Da Trowie Burn" is also an alleged trowie tune, though its composition is attributed to Friedemann Stickle.[56] This apparent contradiction is resolved in the case of "Da Trow's Reel", which was allegedly a tune that another man reputedly obtained from a trow, and he had whistled the tune over to Stickle on a different boat for him to set down the score.[55] "Da Peerie Hoose in under da Hill" ('The Little House under the Hill') is yet another trowie tune as well.[51]

Another trowie tune "Winyadepla", performed by Tom Anderson on his album with Aly Bain, The Silver Bow.[i][53]

Kunal trows

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A Kunal-Trow (or King-Trow) is a type of trow in the lore of Unst, Shetland. The Kunal-Trow is alleged to be a race without females, and said to wander after dark and sometimes found weeping due to the lack of companionship. But they do take human wife, once in their lives, and she invariably dies after giving birth to a son. The Kunal-Trow would subsequently require the service of a human wet-nurse, and may abduct a midwife for this purpose.[57][58]

They are said to consume earth formed into shapes of fish and fowl, even babies, which taste and smell like the real thing.[57]

One (a King-Trow) famously haunted a broch ruin. Another married a witch who extracted all the trow's secrets, and gave birth to Ganfer (astral body) and Finis (an apparition who appears in the guise of someone whose death is imminent), yet she has cheated death with her arts.[57]

Parallels

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Ben's sea-trow (trowis) bore resemblance to the anciently known incubus, as it "seems to have occupied the visions of the female sex", as noted by John Graham Dalyell (1835).[29]

The learning of music from fairies is recognized as a recurring theme in Scandinavian and Celtic folklore. Examples in Irish tradition relate how a lutharachán (dialect form of leprechaun) or púca teaches tunes,[59] like the Shetlandic trow who lets his music be heard from his fairy mound or otherwise; such tales classifiable as Migratory Legends "Type 4091, Music Taught by Fairie (Fiddle on the Wall)" under Bo Almqvist's modified system[60][j]

The tale of a fiddler being taken to a fairy mound by fairies or trows is known by several versions in Shetland, but has also been collected from Orkney and the Scottish mainland (Inverness), and the group is assigned "F24. Fiddler Enlisted to Play for Fairy Dancers" under Alan Bruford's provisional classification scheme.[24]

Origins

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Book author Joan Dey (1991) speculates that the tradition concerning the trows[k] may be based in part on the Norse invasions of the Northern Isles. She states that the conquest by the Vikings sent the indigenous, dark-haired Picts into hiding and that "many stories exist in Shetland of these strange people, smaller and darker than the tall, blond Vikings who, having been driven off their land into sea-caves, emerged at night to steal from the new land owners".[62][l]

Shetland folklore spoke of the presence of the Pechs (mythologized version of the Picts) inside the fairy knolls ("trowie knowe"), who could be heard clinking their tools on silver and gold.Saxby (1932), pp. 89, 186

See also

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Explanatory notes

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  1. ^ Rhyming with "how".[1]
  2. ^ Australian female writer Henry Handel Richardson (aka Ethel F. L. Robertson) in her uncredited 1896 translation of Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson's Fiskerjenten (tr. The Fisher Lass) rendered the Norwegian draug as "bogies", and defended this to her critical reviewer by noting ON draugr and Scots "drow" as the word's cognates.[7] In her letter (writing as Miss Robertson) to Athenaeum, she gives herself credit, as translator of the Fisher Lass.[8] Cf. her chronology of year 1896.[9]
  3. ^ Pontoppidan wrote Danish: "..Søe-Folke ogsaa kalde Søe-Draulen, det er Søe-Trolden", so 'Sea-mischief' was the English translator's insertion. The form Draulen contains the definite article suffix -en but this may be dropped.
  4. ^ Scott (1835) Demonology, p. 122: "Possession of supernatural wisdom is still imputed by the natives of Orkney and Zetland Islands, to the people called Drows, who may, in most other respects, be identified with the Caledonian fairies".[12]
  5. ^ Briggs's entry on "trows" explains that a special exemption to the taboo was extended to Shetlander Jessie M. E. Saxby who, as the ninth child of a ninth child, was able to learn the lore.[17]
  6. ^ Ben's "trowis" is mentioned by Dalyell in 1835,[29] but read as "Troicis" and recognized as "trow" by Samuel Hibbert (1822).[30] The word was later also misread or misprinted as Troicis in MacFarlane & Mitchell edd. (1908),[31] though emended back to Trowis against three manuscripts in Calder & MacDonald (1936).[32]
  7. ^ Jo. being an abbreviation for "John"[33] or "Joseph".[34] He was said to be a non-local itinerant, a Scottish ecclesiastic making a tour of Orkney.[33]
  8. ^ concubuit, coeunt "copulate"
  9. ^ "... a troop of peerie folk came in. A woman took off the nappie from her baby and hung it on Gibbie's leg, near the fire, to dry. Then one of the trows said, "What'll we do ta da sleeper?" "Lat him aleen," replied the woman, "he's no a ill body. Tell Shanko ti gie him a ton." Said Shanko, "A ton he sall hae, an we'll drink his blaand." After drinking, they trooped out of the mill, and danced on the green nearby ...".
  10. ^ Reidar Thoralf Christiansen's original Migratory Legends established "Type 4090, Watersprite Teaches Someone to Play", and included Shetland as having this tale type; so a Shetlandic tale of some water-sprite teaching music is assumed to exist.[61]
  11. ^ And perhaps that of the selkie
  12. ^ Though, most Roman sources describe the Picts as tall, long-limbed and red or fair haired.

References

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Notes
Citations
  1. ^ a b Marwick, H. (1933b), p. 186; Offprint (1931) p. 12
  2. ^ a b Scottish National Dictionary (1976) s.v. "trow"
  3. ^ Edmondston, Thomas (1866), An Etymological Glossary of the Shetland & Orkney Dialect, Adam and Charles Black, pp. 131–2
  4. ^ Kvam, Lorentz Normann [in Norwegian] (1936), "krekin, krechin", Trollene grynter i haugen (in Norwegian), Nasjonalforlaget, p. 131, Den sier at med ekte troll forståes : a ) jutuler og riser , b ) gjengangere og spøkelser , - c ) nisser og dverger , d ) bergtroll
  5. ^ "troll". Bokmålsordboka | Nynorskordboka. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  6. ^ Jamieson, John (1882), "Trow", An Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language, vol. IV (New ed.)
  7. ^ Probyn, Clive; Steele, Bruce, eds. (2000). Henry Handel Richardson: The Letters. Vol. 1. Carlton, Victoria: Miegunyah Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-52284-797-0.
  8. ^ "Siren Voices" Athenaeum No. 3619, March 6, 1897, p. 314.
  9. ^ Probyn & Steele (2000), p. xv.
  10. ^ a b Egede, Hans (1741) [1729]. "Kap. VI. Hvad Slags Diur, Fiske og Fugle den Grønlandske Søe giver af sig etc. / § Andre Søe-Diur". Det gamle Grønlands nye perlustration,. (in Danish). Copenhagen: Groth. p. 48 (footnote).
  11. ^ a b Pontoppidan, Erich (1755). "Ch. 8. Sect. 11. Kraken, or Korven [sic.], the largest creature in the world /Sect. 12. Description". The Natural History of Norway...: Translated from the Danish Original. Vol. 2. London: A. Linde. p. 214. ..some sea-faring people call Soe-draulen, that is, Soe-trolden[, Sea-mischief].
  12. ^ a b c Scottish National Dictionary (1976) s.v. "drow"
  13. ^ Scott, Walter, Sir (1884) [1830], Letters on Demonology and Witchcraft, Edinburgh: Richard Griffin, p. 104{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ a b c Jakobsen, Jakob (1921), "drow", Etymologisk ordbog over det norrøne sprog på Shetland, Prior, p. 123, hdl:2027/wu.89099475378
  15. ^ Jakobsen, Jakob (1928). An Etymological Dictionary of the Norn Language in Shetland . Vol. I. David Nutt (A. G. Berry). p. 129  – via Wikisource. Cf. Jakobsen (1921) in orig. Danish.[14]
  16. ^ a b Korobzow, Natalie (2016), "Nynorn: Die Rekonstruktion des Norn", Dialectologia et Geolinguistica, 24 (1): 126–144, doi:10.1515/dialect-2016-0007
  17. ^ Briggs (1977), p. 413.
  18. ^ a b Saxby (1932), p. 132 quoted by Briggs (1977), p. 413.
  19. ^ Briggs (1977), p. 414.
  20. ^ Briggs (1977), p. 413: "others of human size, and .. clothed in grey"; Briggs (1977), p. 413 and Saxby (1932), p. 132: "Our Shetland Fairies are.. unlike Lover's Irish 'good people'.. They are small, grey-clad men".
  21. ^ a b Marwick, E. (1991), p. 262.
  22. ^ a b c Dennison, W. Traill (1891), pp. 167–168.
  23. ^ Briggs (1977), p. 413 and p. 414, quoting from Saxby (1932), p. 130
  24. ^ a b MacDonald (1994–1995), p. 46.
  25. ^ Bruford, Alan (1994–1995), "Caught in the Fairy Dance. Rip van Winkle's Scottish Grandmother and Her Relations", Béaloideas, 62/63: 8, doi:10.2307/20522440, JSTOR 20522440, The story of the fiddler who spends a hundred years with the fairies and comes home to crumble into dust may be combined with another motif, popular especially in Sheltand, the tune learned from the fairies... Citing Shetland Folk Book 3 (tune is 'Ahint da Daeks o Voe') and 5 ("Trowie Spring").
  26. ^ Bruford, Alan (1977), "The Fiddler o Gord", Tocher, 26: 104–105
  27. ^ Hillers, Barbara (1994), "Music from the Otherworld: Modern Gaelic Legends about Fairy Music", Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium, 14: 65–66, ISBN 9780964244641, JSTOR 20557275
  28. ^ "The Fiddler o Gord", told by George P. S. Peterson, Brae, Shetland. Recorded by Alan Bruford 1974 (School of Scottish Studies recording SA 1974/204B1). Transcript by Bruford (1977);[26] summarized with excerpt by Hillers (1994).[27]
  29. ^ a b Dalyell, John Graham, Sir (1835), Popular Tales of the West Highlands, orally collected (New edition), vol. 1, Glasgow: Richard Griffin, p. 544{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  30. ^ Hibbert (1822), p. 569†; Hibbert (1891), p. 263†
  31. ^ a b Ben, Jo. (1908). "Ben's Orkney". In MacFarlane, Walter; Mitchell, Arthur (eds.). Geographical Collections Relating to Scotland. Vol. 3. Edinburgh: Scottish History Society. pp. 303–304, 315. (in Latin and English)
  32. ^ Calder, Charles S. T.; MacDonald, George (1936), "The Dwarfie Stane, Hoy, Orkney: its period and purpose. Note on 'Jo. Ben' and the Dwarfie Stane" (PDF), Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 70: 220, doi:10.9750/PSAS.070.217.236, S2CID 257306583[permanent dead link]
  33. ^ a b Anonymous (1870). Hand-Book to the Orkney Islands. Illustrated. Kirkwall: William Peace. p. 95.
  34. ^ Bicket, Linden (2017). George Mackay Brown and the Scottish Catholic Imagination. Vol. 3. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9781474411677., "Chapter 3: Mary": n15
  35. ^ Grydehøj (2009), p. 59.
  36. ^ Dennison, W. Traill (1891), p. 168.
  37. ^ Ernest Marwick restates the same physical description, and remarks that the seaweed-covered, monstrously large creature is also known as "tangy" (tangie), in contrast to the Norse merman which is human-sized if not a bit smaller.[21]
  38. ^ a b c d Teit, J. A. (1918), "Water-Beings in Shetlandic Folk-Lore", The Journal of American Folklore, 31 (120): 196, doi:10.2307/534874, JSTOR 534874
  39. ^ Translated as "the big sea-troll" by Teit, with the reminder that Scots trow is defined as‘sprite or fairy’, and Teit himself notes:"'trow' 'trou' or 'troll' seems to be applicable to any kind of super-natural being, but particularly to fairies or elves".[38]
  40. ^ Charlton, Edward, M. D. (1920), Johnston, Alfred Wintle; Johnston, Amy (eds.), "A Visit to Shetland in 1832", Old-lore Miscellany of Orkney, Shetland, Caithness and Sutherland, vol. 8, London: Viking Society for Northern Research, p. 124{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  41. ^ Edward Charlton (historian) remarks that a piece of coral from the deep "which bore a rude though striking resemblance to the human face and figure... was no doubt, regarded with awe by the.. Shetlanders, who would .. believe it to be a petrified mermaid or a great sea-trow converted into cranzie (coral)".[40]
  42. ^ Hibbert (1822), p. 524.
  43. ^ Hibbert (1822), p. 586.
  44. ^ Dictionary of the Scots Language (2004) s.v. "Tang n.1"
  45. ^ Marwick, H. (1933a), p. 32; Marwick, E. (1991), p. 262
  46. ^ Marwick, E. (2000) [1975], pp. 39–40; Muir (2003), pp. 203–204 apud Lee (2015), pp. 139–140.
  47. ^ Muir (1998) and Marwick, E. (2000) [1975], "Ch. 2: Folk of Hill and Mound", pp. 30– apud Lee (2015), pp. 139–140.
  48. ^ Muir (2003), p. 203 apud Lee (2015), p. 139.
  49. ^ Muir (1998) and Lee, D. (2010), Roeberry Barrow, Cantick, South Walls, Orkney, with Additional Survey in Hoy. Manuscript, Data Structure Report apud Lee (2015), pp. 139–140
  50. ^ Johnston, Alfred W. (1896), "The' Dwarfie Stone' of Hoy, Orkney", The Reliquary and Illustrated Archæologist, new series, 2: 100
  51. ^ a b c Larrington, Carolyne (2017). "The Beast & the Human". The Land of the Green Man: A Journey through the Supernatural Landscapes of the British Isles. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 37–38, 106. ISBN 9780857727305.
  52. ^ Stewart & Moar (1951) apud Shuldham-Shaw (1962), p. 143
  53. ^ a b "The Fiddler's Companion". ibiblio.org. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
  54. ^ Cooke, Peter R. (1986), "Chapter 3: The Fiddlerr's repertoire", The Fiddle Tradition of the Shetland Isles, Cambridge University Press, p. 50, ISBN 9780521268554
  55. ^ a b Shuldham-Shaw (1962), p. 143.
  56. ^ Shuldham-Shaw (1962), p. 141.
  57. ^ a b c Saxby (1932), p. 128, quoted by Briggs (1977), p. 413.
  58. ^ Marwick, E. (2000) [1975], "Ch. 2: Folk of Hill and Mound", pp. 34–35
  59. ^ Uí Ógáin, Ríonach (1992–1993), "Music Learned from the Fairies", Béaloideas, 60/61: 197–214, doi:10.2307/20522407, JSTOR 20522407
  60. ^ Uí Ógáin (1992–1993), pp. 211–212.
  61. ^ Uí Ógáin (1992–1993), p. 211.
  62. ^ Dey (1991), p. 12.

Bibliography

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