Jump to content

True Blue (Madonna album)

This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from True Blue (madonna))

True Blue
Madonna in short platinum blond hair tilting her head back.
Studio album by
Madonna
ReleasedJune 30, 1986
RecordedDecember 1985 – April 1986
StudioChannel (Los Angeles)
GenreDance-pop[1]
Length40:20
Label
Producer
Madonna chronology
Like a Virgin & Other Big Hits!
(1985) 		True Blue
(1986) 		Who's That Girl
(1987)
Singles from True Blue
  1. "Live to Tell"
    Released: March 26, 1986
  2. "Papa Don't Preach"
    Released: June 11, 1986
  3. "True Blue"
    Released: September 29, 1986
  4. "Open Your Heart"
    Released: November 12, 1986
  5. "La Isla Bonita"
    Released: February 25, 1987

True Blue is the third studio album by American singer-songwriter Madonna, released on June 30, 1986, by Sire Records. In early 1985, Madonna became romantically involved with actor Sean Penn, and married him six months later on her 27th birthday. Additionally, she met producer Patrick Leonard while on the Virgin Tour, and formed a professional relationship with him. The first songs they created together were "Love Makes the World Go Round", and the ballad "Live to Tell", which was featured on At Close Range, a film in which Penn starred. In late 1985, Madonna and Leonard began working on her third studio album; she also enlisted the help of former boyfriend Stephen Bray, with whom she had worked on her previous record Like a Virgin (1984). Titled True Blue, the record saw Madonna co-writing and co-producing for the first time in her career. Inspired by Madonna's love for Penn, to whom she dedicated it, True Blue is a dance-pop album that features influences of Motown sound, girl groups, and Latin pop.

Upon release, the album was well received by critics, who complimented Madonna's vocals and musical growth. It was an immediate global success, reaching number one in a record-breaking 28 countries across the world. With over 25 million copies sold worldwide, True Blue is the best-selling album of 1986, the best-selling of the 1980s by a female artist, and one of the best-selling albums of all time. Five singles were released from the album ―all reached the top five of the Billboard Hot 100, with three going to number one. The album was promoted on Madonna's second concert tour, 1987's Who's That Girl World Tour, which visited cities in Asia, North America, and Europe. True Blue is credited as the album that established Madonna's position as the biggest female artist of the 1980s, rivaling male musicians like Michael Jackson and Prince. It is also considered the album that made her an icon and artist.

Background

[edit]
Madonna performing title track "True Blue" on 2015―2016's Rebel Heart Tour (left). Both the song and album take name after Sean Penn's (right) favorite expression, which signifies a "very pure vision of love", according to the singer; Penn was her husband at the time of the album's conception.[2]

In February 1985, Madonna began dating actor Sean Penn, whom she met in the set of the music video for her single "Material Girl".[3] She recalled that Penn was someone "whose work I’d admired, and I think he felt the same way [...] We have so much in common he is almost like my brother".[4] They dated casually and married six months later, on Madonna's 27th birthday.[4][5] Afterwards, the newlyweds starred together in a movie called Shanghai Surprise (1986), which was a critical and commercial failure.[5]

Madonna met producer Patrick Leonard while on the Virgin Tour, where he was hired as musical director.[6] After the tour was finished, Madonna asked Leonard if he wanted to work with her.[7] They met at a barbecue in his house, where he showed her a song he'd created in his studio called "Love Makes the World Go Round", which Madonna sang at the Philadelphia Live Aid benefit concert on July 13, 1985.[6][8] Leonard and Madonna's next collaboration was a ballad called "Live to Tell", which was conceived as an instrumental for the score of Paramount's film Fire with Fire (1986).[9] Paramount, however, rejected the track; Leonard then asked Madonna if she could write the lyrics.[6] She complied, and decided to use the track on At Close Range, a movie starring Penn.[7]

On April 5, 1986, Billboard reported that Madonna's new album would be called Live to Tell, and released in the summer.[10] One month later, the title was confirmed to be True Blue, named after a favorite expression Penn's.[11][12] Described by the singer as her "most personal" work at the time, she wanted to reach a wider, more mature audience.[13][14] Pleased with the results of "Live to Tell", she chose to keep Leonard on the project, and also enlisted former boyfriend Stephen Bray, with whom she had worked on her second album Like a Virgin (1984), and felt could help her create "up-tempo songs with a classic Top 40 sensibility".[15]

Development

[edit]

"I like to have control but I'm not a tyrant [...] I like to be surrounded by really talented, intelligent people who I trust, and ask them for their advice and get their input too".

—Madonna on working with Leonard and Bray on True Blue.[16]

True Blue was recorded at the Channel Studios in Los Angeles, from December 1985 to April 1986, the first year of Madonna and Penn's marriage.[13][17][18][19] For the first time in her career, Madonna co-wrote and co-produced all of the album's tracks.[20] According to Leonard, she was "very much in love" and in control when creating the record.[14][16] The singer worked with Bray and Leonard separately, with the three meeting together only once.[15] Leonard recalled the recording process: "I would put something together, usually just on piano, and then [Madonna] would come in, we'd mess around with whatever needed to be messed around with, she’d write a lyric, she’d sing it, and the next day we would do another song, one a day". On the other hand, Bray's job was to "shape things and [...] create arrangements to show off the song[s] better".[13] "Open Your Heart" was the first track recorded for the album; it was created as a rock and roll song titled "Follow Your Heart" by Gardner Cole and Peter Rafelson for singer Cyndi Lauper.[21] Madonna's team got a demo with songs from Cole's management, among them "Follow Your Heart"; she liked the track, changed the title, re-wrote some of the lyrics, and produced it alongside Leonard.[22] They added a bassline underneath, changing it from a rock song into a dance one.[21]

"Papa Don't Preach" was written by Brian Elliott for a singer named Cristina Dent. When Elliot played Dent's tracks for Warner's Michael Ostin, the same A&R executive who discovered "Like a Virgin", Ostin asked if he could play the track for Madonna;[23] Elliot had been working with Dent for six months and was reluctant to let the song go to another artist, but he eventually gave in, finding the idea of Madonna recording his song "hard to resist".[24] With lyrics that talk about teenage pregnancy, Madonna was attracted to the track because it "fit right in with my own personal zeitgeist of standing up to male authorities".[25][26] She only contributed with additional lyrics, making "Papa Don't Preach" the only song on the album that she did not have a strong hand in writing.[23] "La Isla Bonita" marked a "stylistic shift" for Madonna, as it was her first song to incorporate Latin motifs, and lyrics in Spanish.[27][28][29] It was created by Leonard as an instrumental and offered to Michael Jackson, who turned it down.[30] After meeting with the singer to start working on True Blue, Leonard presented her the demo and she wrote the lyrics while filming Shanghai Surprise.[30][31] To get the correct translations, him and Madonna talked over the phone with a Hispanic housekeeper.[28] It was described as a tribute to "the beauty and mystery of Latin American people".[2] "Where's the Party" is the only track that saw Madonna, Bray and Leonard working together.[13][28] Curtis Hudson and Lisa Stevens-Crowder, the authors of Madonna's 1983 hit "Holiday", wrote a song called "Spotlight" for the album, that was recorded but ultimately not included.[32][14] Madonna dedicated True Blue to Penn, "the coolest guy in the universe".[14]

Composition

[edit]
"Open Your Heart"
A 25-second audio sample from "Open Your Heart", in which Madonna sings the main refrain backed by percussion.
Problems playing this file? See media help.

Daryl Easlea, author of Madonna: Blond Ambition, described True Blue as a "girlish" album, "the sound of a woman in love".[18] Made up of "highly commercial dance-pop [with] lyrics [that] convey an upbeat message along with casual autobiographical references", it contains musical references to Motown sound and girl groups.[33] Her love for Penn "seep[s] into every song", as noted by author Lucy O'Brien.[34] Adam Sexton pointed out that, "[Madonna] transforms her own marital bliss into high-school accessible scenarios of a girl breaking down a bad boy's defense".[35] Opener "Papa Don't Preach" is a dance post-disco track, with lyrics that see a daughter telling her father she is pregnant and refuses to have an abortion or give up the baby for adoption, despite her friends' advice.[36] The strings in the introduction nod to classical and Baroque music.[37] The following track, "Open Your Heart", is a "simple" "dizzy, driving" dance-pop love song "brimming with sexual innuendo".[22][38][39] Lyrically, it is a "tale of an unrequited love for someone seen on the street", and begins with Madonna whispering watch out! just as the opening drums kick in.[14][22]

Third track "White Heat" was dedicated to actor James Cagney and named after the 1949 film of the same name. It is a "standard" uptempo dance track, with synth bass and doubletracked vocals; also present are two quotes from the original soundtrack, "with speech and gunshots", one at the beginning and one towards the end.[14] "Live to Tell" is a pop ballad whose background instrumentation features a keyboard, a synthesizer, electric guitar and a mix of synthesized and real drumming.[40] Lyrically, it talks about the complexity of deceit, mistrust, and "bearing the burden of some enigmatic secret and coping with a painful past".[40][41] Fifth track "Where's the Party" is a dance song described by Madonna herself as a statement about "what it's like to be in the middle of this press stuff with everybody on my back".[42] Inspired by Motown and girl groups from the 1960s, title track "True Blue" is Madonna's tribute to Penn.[2] The verse-and-chorus composition is reminiscent of that of The Dixie Cups' "Chapel of Love" (1964), with backup singers Siedah Garrett and Edie Lehman accompanying Madonna's convincing "girly" vocals like a choir.[34]

"La Isla Bonita" combines flamenco guitar, Latin percussion, electronic sounds, and maracas.[27][43] Lyrically, it talks about a "humble observer, captured by the rhythm of an imagined island" named San Pedro, with mentions of "tropical breeze" and "nature wild and free".[29][44][45] It starts with an introduction performed on bongos, before descending into castanets.[42] Madonna then utters the phrase ¿Cómo puede ser verdad? ("How can it be true?").[46] In one line, she specifically sings, Last night I dreamt of San Pedro/Just like I'd never gone, I knew the song.[44] One of the album's "happiest" cuts is "Jimmy Jimmy", which has influences of new wave music.[13] In the lyrics, Madonna commemorates her "youthful fascination" with actor James Dean; "I used to fantasize that we grew up in the same neighbourhood and that he moved away and became a big star", she recalled.[2][42] Closer "Love Makes the World Go Round" incorporates Latin drums and samba-influenced rhythms, and lyrics that talk about anti-war and anti-poverty.[42]

Artwork and release

[edit]
Lucy O'Brien compared the album's cover art to the work of American artist Andy Warhol (picture)

The album cover was shot by photographer Herb Ritts.[47] It shows Madonna in profile, with her head thrown back and eyes closed against a sky-blue background; her skin is bleached-out, and her hair platinum blonde.[48] Jeri Heiden, who was working at the Warner Bros. art department, was given the task of editing the photos to adapt them into record covers.[49] The final photo was selected by Madonna, Heiden and Jeff Ayeroff, creative director of Warner Bros. at that time.[49] After the image was chosen, Heiden experimented with a variety of treatments of the original, which was shot in black and white, to go along with the album's title, and finally arrived at the final, blue toned, hand tinted version.[49] The album's inner sleeve did not feature any photographs, and instead was dedicated to album credits and song lyrics, since Madonna wanted to be represented by her work rather than her image.[15]

Lucy O'Brien described the cover as a "moment of Warholian pop art. A mixture of innocence [and] idealism [...] Our first glimpse of Madonna as a classic icon".[48] For J. Randy Taraborrelli, author of Madonna: An Intimate Biography, the artwork indicated how "[True Blue] was a vehicle of growth for [Madonna]"; the "washed out color photograph" cover was "understated", especially when compared to the "sexier poses" she had been associated with in the past.[15] For Joe Lynch from Billboard, it is one of the greatest album covers of all time.[50]

True Blue was released on June 30, 1986.[51][52] In the United States and Canada, the cover did not include the singer's name. Heiden explained in an interview with Aperture magazine that the record company thought it would be "cool" to use a shrink wrap on American releases, so that when the public took it off, they'd be left with the photograph of Madonna.[49] In Europe, Warner felt that the name was needed, as they did not want to risk messing with Madonna's popularity. The back sleeve and booklet feature the song titles in Heiden's own handwriting.[49] About cropping the image for the cassette and vinyl releases, Heiden said: "I think the image became more interesting cropped into a square—and at that time we always started with the album cover configuration. It was like she was floating—her clothing was not visible. She took on the appearance of a marble statue—Goddess like. In the vertical cropping you see her leather jacket and the wall, and it becomes more typical, editorial, earthly".[49] On May 22, 2001, Warner Bros. released a remastered edition of the album with two additional remixes of "True Blue" and "La Isla Bonita".[53][54] Twenty years later, a 35th anniversary edition was released; it includes additional remixes, dub and instrumental versions.[55] It was reissued on crystal clear vinyl on November 8, 2019.[56]

Promotion

[edit]

Tour

[edit]
Main article: Who's That Girl World Tour
Madonna singing second single "Papa Don't Preach" on the Who's That Girl World Tour. The song became the singer's fourth to reach the first spot of the Billboard Hot 100.

True Blue was promoted on 1987's Who's That Girl World Tour, Madonna's second concert tour.[57] It was her first world tour, and marked her first visit to Europe and Asia.[57] Musically and technically superior to the Virgin Tour, with a larger stage and four huge video screens used as backdrops, it was described by Madonna herself as a "theatrical multimedia spectacular".[58][57] Collaborating with Marlene Stewart on the wardrobe, she expanded the idea of "bringing her popular video characters to life onstage", recreating scenes from "True Blue", "Papa Don't Preach" and "La Isla Bonita".[59] Who's That Girl was critically appreciated, with reviewers singling out the performances, Madonna's vocals and confidence as a performer.[58][60][61] The tour's performance of "Papa Don't Preach" marked her first conflict with the Vatican, as she dedicated it to Pope John Paul II, who urged Italian fans to boycott the concerts in the country.[62] With a total gross of US$25 million, Who's That Girl was the second most successful female tour of the year, behind Tina Turner's Break Every Rule World Tour.[63][64]

Singles

[edit]

In the United States, "Live to Tell" was released on March 26, 1986, whereas in Europe, the release date was April 14.[65] It was acclaimed by critics, with some deeming it Madonna's best ballad, and singling out her vocal performance.[20][66] It was also commercially successful, becoming the singer's third number one in the US Billboard Hot 100, and her first number one on the Adult Contemporary chart.[67][68] The music video, directed by James Foley, shows the singer in a more demure, toned down appearance, inspired by actresses such as Grace Kelly, intercut with clips from At Close Range.[69]

On June 11, "Papa Don't Preach" was released as True Blue's second single in the United States; in Europe, it was issued five days later.[70] It was lauded by critics, who applauded its hook, maturity, and referred to it as a milestone in Madonna's career.[71][72][73] It reached the top spot of the Hot 100 ―her fourth number one there― the United Kingdom, and Australia.[67][74][75] The clip, also directed by Foley, shows the singer in her first "head-to-toe" image makeover, with a leaner, more toned body, and cropped platinum blonde hair.[76] Its main storyline has Madonna trying to tell her father, about her pregnancy; these scenes are juxtaposed with shots of her dancing and singing in a small, darkened studio, and spending a romantic evening with her boyfriend.[77][78] Shortly after its release, the song caused heated discussions about its lyrical content. Women's organizations and others in the family planning field criticized Madonna for encouraging teenage pregnancy, while groups opposed to abortion saw the song as having a positive anti-abortion message.[79]

Madonna performing final single "La Isla Bonita" on 2023—2024's the Celebration Tour. The song reached the first spot of Billboard's Adult Contemporary chart.

Title track "True Blue" was released as third single; first on Europe on September 29, and then in the United States on October 9.[80] It was generally well received by music critics, who praised its retro-inspired sound and felt it was a throwback to girl groups.[81][72] "True Blue" topped the charts in the United Kingdom, and reached the third position of the Hot 100.[74][67] Two music videos were shot for the single: the official one was directed by Foley and shows Madonna with three dancers and a 1950s car in an all-blue diner.[82] An alternate video was made through MTV's "Make My Video" contest; the three entries selected portrayed a fifties-style production, and made allusion to the song's theme.[83]

Released in the US on November 12, 1986, and in Europe on December 1, fourth single "Open Your Heart" gave Madonna her fifth number one in Hot 100;[84][67] she became the second female artist – behind Whitney Houston – to score three number ones from one album.[85] The song received positive reviews from critics and was deemed a highlight from the album.[1] Its accompanying music video, directed by Jean-Baptiste Mondino, depicts Madonna as an exotic dancer at a peep show who befriends a little boy. Critical reception towards the clip was generally positive: the singer was praised for presenting women as the dominant sex, but the plot of a child entering a strip club received criticism.[86][87]

The last single from the album was "La Isla Bonita", released on February 25, 1987.[88] Critics reacted positively to the song and applauded its Latin-influenced sound.[89][90] Peaking at number 4, it was Madonna's eleventh top five hit on the Hot 100, a feat surpassed at the time only by the Beatles and Elvis Presley.[67] "La Isla Bonita" also gave the singer her second Adult Contemporary number one.[68] Mary Lambert directed the music video, which shows Madonna as two opposite characters – a young Catholic woman, and a flamenco dancer.[91][92] Despite not being released as a single, "Where's The Party" received airplay on radio station WKSI "Kiss FM" due to demand from the public.[93]

Critical reception

[edit]
Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
AllMusic[1]
Blender[94]
Chicago Sun-Times[95]
Christgau's Record GuideB[96]
Encyclopedia of Popular Music[97]
Entertainment WeeklyB[98]
Q[99]
Rolling Stone[71]
Slant Magazine[72]
Spin Alternative Record Guide5/10[100]

True Blue was generally well received by critics.[101][102] AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine said it was "one of the great dance-pop albums", that showcases Madonna's skills as a "songwriter, record-maker, provocateur, and entertainer through its wide reach, accomplishment, and sheer sense of fun".[1] This opinion was echoed by the staff of Billboard, who were impressed with the "confident" album, and the singer's growth as writer and producer.[103] Erika Wexler from Spin wrote: "Madonna knows her days as the chanteuse for teenage romance are numbered. With perfect timing, [she] gently distanced herself from that role, and although some of the songs [on True Blue] have the sophistication of a training bra, there are glowing moments".[25] The New York Times' Stephen Holden noted that, despite lacking the "gleaming ultra-sleek aural surfaces" of Like a Virgin, True Blue's made up of "shrewdly crafted teen-age and pre-teen-age ditties that reveal Madonna's unfailing commercial instincts", and find her singing with "a lot more heart".[33] This opinion was shared by Rolling Stone, where Davitt Sigerson referred to True Blue as a "sturdy, dependable, lovable" album, and singled out the singer's voice for sounding "better than ever".[71]

Robert Hilburn from the Los Angeles Times, pointed out that the "most obvious growth" was Madonna's voice, which is "so finely tailored that she actually extends the punch and appeal of the production touches". He went on to say: "True Blue isn't revolutionary music, but it is imaginative, highly energized pop that recognizes the limitations and pleasures of Top 40 fare".[104] PopMatters' Peter Piatkowski also applauded the singer's more mature vocals, and deemed the record "brilliant, one that speaks to its time but also celebrates the disparate cultures that influence [Madonna's] sound at the moment".[52] True Blue is the "most polished" of Madonna's first three albums, according to El Hunt from the Evening Standard.[105] In the same vein, Mary Von Aue from Stereogum said it has "more vocal range and lyrical complexities" than Like a Virgin and Madonna.[106] True Blue was hailed "nine tracks of 80s pop perfection [...] Madonna’s strongest effort from that decade" by the staff of Gay Times.[107] For Joseph Earp from Australian website Junkee, "with its era-defining production, and sweaty sheen of subversion, [True Blue is] the singer's way of understanding everything that came afterwards [...] most pop singers never release a record this good in their whole career".[108]

Lucy O'Brien pointed out that, whereas her debut and Like a Virgin were a "sound in development", True Blue sees Madonna "nail[ing] her signature style - rhythmic, dramatic, danceable, and distinctively melodic".[34] Replacing Nile Rodgers with Leonard and Bray resulted in a "less polished, but more varied" album, according to The Sunday Telegraph's Larry Nager.[109] The review ended on a somewhat critical note: True Blue is "classic pop [...] an entertaining album's worth of catchy, danceable tunes", despite "not much content beneath the candy-coating", concluded Nager.[109] Even though he called it a "supreme archetype of '80s pop music", with its tracks being "undeniably more mature" than her previous endeavors, Slant Magazine's Sal Cinquemani felt True Blue is home to "some of [Madonna's] biggest clunkers", and is "undeniably of its time".[72] To Karen Cooke from Australian newspaper The Age, even though it includes a couple of "tedious" tracks, "this record is full of songs to make you tap the steering wheel [and] dance in the loungeroom".[110] True Blue's main flaw is that its five singles are "so strong they overshadow" the rest of the tracks, which seem "slight by comparison", wrote Daryl Easlea.[111]

In less favorable reviews, John Quayle from the Observer–Reporter dismissed the record as "warmed over Go-Gos material", but applauded the singles for being "strong enough to convince even her worst critics that Madonna does have talent - and lots of it".[112] Mary Von Aue noted that the album experiments with "different sounds that are well executed as singles", but as a whole sounds "disjointed", concluding that, "[True Blue] doesn’t live up to the strength of [its singles]".[106] For Don McLeese from the Chicago Sun-Times, although it represents a "valiant -and necessary- attempt on Madonna's part to expand her artistic range, True Blue just isn't as much fun" as her previous records.[95] The Record-Journal's Jim Zebora was also negative: "[True Blue] contains one absolutely marvelous torch song called 'Live To Tell' [...] Unfortunately, the rest is barely competent post-disco [...] So let's call it a C plus and program the CD player to ignore eight out of [its] nine songs".[113] Finally, Larry Kilman, writing for American newspaper The Evening News, compared it negatively to the work of girl groups such as the Ronettes and the Shangri-Las, dismissing it as "mindless, inspid [and] air-headed", adding that, "[its] slick production and arrangements disguise much of the tininess of [Madonna's] voice [...] But that's as good as [True Blue] gets".[114]

Commercial performance

[edit]

On July 19, 1986, True Blue entered the Billboard 200 at number 29.[115] Five weeks later, it reached the first spot; it was Madonna's second number one album after Like a Virgin, thus she became one of five female artists in the rock era to reach the top spot with back-to-back releases.[116] It stayed on the top position for five consecutive weeks, and on the chart for a total of 82 weeks.[117][118] True Blue was certified seven times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipment of over seven million units, making it Madonna's third best-selling album in the United States, behind Like a Virgin and The Immaculate Collection (1990).[119] With the advent of the Nielsen SoundScan era in 1991, the album sold a further 404,000 copies as of August 2010.[120] 301,000 additional copies were sold through BMG Music Clubs, which are not counted by the Nielsen SoundScan.[121] In Canada, True Blue debuted on the 73rd spot of the RPM Albums Chart on July 5, 1986; it quickly climbed up the chart and reached the top on August 9.[122][123] By July, it had surpassed the 10-times-platinum mark for 1 million sales Canadian, and was eventually certified diamond by the Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA) for shipment of one million copies.[124][125] Madonna became the second female artist to achieve this behind Whitney Houston.[124]

In Argentina, the album reached the chart's top spot and was certified four-times platinum by the Cámara Argentina de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas (CAPIF) for shipment of over 240,000 copies.[126][127] In Brazil, True Blue sold 205,000 copies during its first-two weeks, and reached the chart's first spot;[128][129] with sales of 680,000 units, it was one of the best-selling albums in 1987, and received a gold cerification by the Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos (ABPD).[130][131] With over 1 million copies sold, True Blue remains as the best-selling album in Brazil by an international female artist.[132]

In Japan, the album peaked at number one on the Oricon chart.[133] At the 1987 Japan Gold Disc Awards, held by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ), True Blue received "Album of the Year Pop Solo" and "Grand Prix Album of the Year", which was given for the year's best-selling international album, while Madonna was honored the "Artist of the Year" for being the year's best-selling international artist.[134] In Hong Kong, the album was certified platinum by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI).[135] In Australia, True Blue remained on the first spot of the Kent Music Report for two weeks.[136] Additionally, it was certified four times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipment of 280,000 copies.[137] Similarly, it reached number one in New Zealand and was certified five times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ) for shipment of 75,000 copies.[138]

Across Europe, True Blue sold 5 million copies by July 1987, and reached the top of the European Top 100 Albums chart.[139][140] It spent a total of 31 weeks at number one, from July 19, 1986, to March 7, 1987, the longest number one album runner in the history of the European charts.[140] In the United Kingdom, the album debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart on July 12, 1986, making it the first album by an American artist to debut at number one in British chart history.[141][74] It spent six weeks at the top, shifting just shy of two million by the end of the year, and was 1986's best selling album.[74] True Blue was certified seven times platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for shipment of 2.1 million copies and, as of June 2019, has sold over two million copies.[142][143] True Blue also topped the albums chart in France and received a diamond certification by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP) for shipment of one million copies.[144][145] Actual sales of the album in the country stand at 1,300,000 copies as of March 2012.[146] Similarly, in Germany True Blue also reached the first spot in Germany, and was certified two times platinum by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie (BVMI) for shipment of one million copies.[147][148] It reached the first spot of the charts in Italy, Belgium, Spain, and Switzerland.[149][150][151][152] According to biographer Christopher Andersen, True Blue went gold in countries where it didn't even reached number one.[153] By August 1987, True Blue had sold over five million copies;[154] worldwide, it has sold more than 25 million copies.[155]

Legacy

[edit]

"True Blue launched Madonna to global superstardom, yes, but its impact on music and culture helped keep her at the top of her game for the next three decades, and it might well be the record she is remembered for for many more decades to come".

—Classic Pop's Andy Jones commenting on the impact of True Blue.[13]

True Blue has been noted as the album that made Madonna an icon and a "credible" artist.[156][157] Stephen Thomas Erlewine deemed it the point where she "truly became 'Madonna the superstar'—the endlessly ambitious, fearlessly provocative entertainer that knew how to outrage, spark debates, get good reviews—and make good music while she's at it".[1] From the BBC, Mark Savage wrote that it established her as "the first lady of pop", an opinion that was shared by Peter Piatkowski, who added that it made her the "dominant face on the Mount Rushmore of 1980s pop", along with Michael Jackson, Prince, and Bruce Springsteen.[158][52] In a similar note, Sal Cinquemani said that with True Blue, Madonna joined the ranks of Jackson and Prince and made the transition from "pop tart to consummate artist".[72] According to Lucy O'Brien, "with its sophisticated sheen, [True Blue] took Madonna firmly out of the dance-diva category into a global pop market".[34] Jack White from the Official Charts Company wrote: "True Blue, her third album, saw Madonna shoot into the realms of superstardom that her previous album Like A Virgin had cemented".[159] To Matthew Rettenmund, author of Encyclopedia Madonnica, it was the first "solid proof" of her artistic and musical talents.[160] Patrick Leonard himself explained: "The music got more serious, so I think she got taken more seriously [...] [Madonna] took some chances that I don’t know most people would have. There were things [in True Blue] that weren’t normal in pop music at the time".[28]

Slant Magazine considered True Blue one of the best albums from the 1980s; Jonathan Keefe wrote that it marked the point where "it became readily apparent that Madonna was more than just a flash-in-the-pan pop star. It's when she began manipulating her image —and her audience— with a real sense of clarity and purpose".[161] Piatkowski wrote that it "set the stage for the exponential ascent of Madonna's brilliance", that began with 1989's Like a Prayer and reached its peak on 1998's Ray of Light.[52] From music portal Albumism, Justin Chadwick conlcuded that, "[True Blue] solidified [Madonna's] blonde ambition, cemented her worldwide superstardom, and, once and for all, extinguished any remaining doubts about her potential career longevity".[162] The album also helped popularize marketing singles, according to Billboard's Paul Grein: "10 or 20 years ago you would have had two singles from an album at the most. Now we’re in an era where Madonna is on her fifth [from True Blue]".[163]

True Blue was 1986's best-selling album, and the best-selling of the 1980s decade by a female artist, with Madonna being 1986's most successful female.[164][165][166] The album held the record for being number one in a total of 28 countries around the world.[167] With over 17 million copies sold, it was named the highest-seller of all time by a female in the 1991 edition of the Guinness Book of World Records;[168] True Blue has sold more than 25 million copies worldwide, and is one of the best-selling albums of all time.[155]

Track listing

[edit]

All tracks written and produced by Madonna and Patrick Leonard, except where noted.

True Blue – Standard edition[169]
No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length
1."Papa Don't Preach"
  • Brian Elliot
  • Madonna[b]
4:29
2."Open Your Heart"
 4:13
3."White Heat"  4:40
4."Live to Tell"  5:51
5."Where's the Party"
  • Madonna
  • Bray
  • Leonard
  • Madonna
  • Leonard
  • Bray
4:21
6."True Blue"
  • Madonna
  • Bray
  • Madonna
  • Bray
4:18
7."La Isla Bonita"
 4:02
8."Jimmy Jimmy"
  • Madonna
  • Bray
  • Madonna
  • Bray
3:55
9."Love Makes the World Go Round"  4:31
Total length:40:20
2001 remastered edition bonus tracks[54]
No.TitleRemixer(s)Length
10."True Blue" (The Color Mix)Shep Pettibone6:40
11."La Isla Bonita" (Extended Remix)Chris Lord-Alge5:27
Total length:52:27
35th Anniversary edition bonus tracks[55]
No.TitleRemixer(s)Length
10."Papa Don't Preach" (Extended Remix)Bray5:42
11."True Blue" (The Color Mix)Pettibone6:40
12."Open Your Heart" (Extended Version)
10:34
13."La Isla Bonita" (Extended Remix)Lord-Alge5:27
14."True Blue" (Remix/Edit)Pettibone4:26
15."Open Your Heart" (Dub)
  • Barbiero
  • Thompson
6:40
16."Live to Tell" (Instrumental) 5:50
17."True Blue" (Instrumental) 6:51
18."La Isla Bonita" (Instrumental Extended Remix)Lord-Alge5:18
Total length:97:00

Notes

  • ^b signifies additional lyrics

Personnel

[edit]

Credits adapted from the album's liner notes.[169]

  • Madonna – producer, lead vocals, backing vocals (1, 2, 4–9)
  • Stephen Bray – producer (1, 5, 6, 8), keyboards (1, 5, 6, 8), drums (1, 5, 6, 8), drum programming (3, 9)
  • Fred Zarr – additional keyboards (1, 6, 8)
  • Patrick Leonard – producer (2–5, 7, 9), keyboards (2–5, 7, 9), drum programming (3, 4, 7, 9), drums (5), additional keyboards (8)
  • Bruce Gaitsch – electric guitar (1), guitars (3, 4, 7), rhythm guitar (6, 8)
  • John Putnam – acoustic guitar (1), electric guitar (1)
  • David Williams – rhythm guitar (1), guitars (2), backing vocals (3)
  • Paul Jackson Jr. – guitars (3, 9)
  • Dann Huff – guitars (5)
  • Jonathan Moffett – percussion (1, 8), drums (2, 3, 4), backing vocals (3)
  • Paulinho da Costa – percussion (2, 7, 9)
  • David Boroff – saxophone (5)
  • Billy Meyers – string arrangements (1)
  • Siedah Garrett – backing vocals (1, 5, 6, 7, 9)
  • Edie Lehmann – backing vocals (1, 5, 6, 7, 9)
  • Keithen Carter – backing vocals (3)
  • Jackie Jackson – backing vocals (3)
  • Richard Marx – backing vocals (3)
  • Michael Verdick – engineer, mixing
  • Michael Hutchinson – keyboard overdub engineer (8)
  • Dan Nebenzal – mix assistant
  • Steve Hall – mastering
  • Channel Recording Studios (Los Angeles, California) – recording location
  • Master Control (Burbank, California) – mixing location
  • Future Disc (Hollywood, California) – mastering location
  • Jeffrey Kent Ayeroff – art direction
  • Jeri McManus – art direction, design
  • Herb Ritts – photography
  • Weisner-DeMann Entertainment – management

Charts

[edit]

Certifications and sales

[edit]
Region Certification Certified units/sales
Argentina (CAPIF)[210] 4× Platinum 350,000[211]
Australia (ARIA)[137] 4× Platinum 280,000^
Austria (IFPI Austria)[212] Platinum 50,000*
Belgium (BEA)[213] Platinum 75,000[213]
Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)[131] Gold 1,000,000[132]
Canada (Music Canada)[214] Diamond 1,000,000^
Denmark (IFPI Danmark)[215] Platinum 20,000‡
Finland (Musiikkituottajat)[216] Platinum 53,912[216]
France (SNEP)[145] Diamond 1,300,000[146]
Germany (BVMI)[148] 2× Platinum 1,000,000^
Greece (IFPI Greece)[212] Gold 50,000^
Hong Kong (IFPI Hong Kong)[217] Platinum 20,000*
Ireland (IRMA)[218] Gold  
Israel — 62,000[219]
Italy (AFI)[212] 4× Platinum 1,500,000[220]
Italy (FIMI)[221]
sales since 2009 		Gold 25,000‡
Japan (RIAJ)[222] Gold 718,000[194]
Malaysia — 22,000[223]
Netherlands (NVPI)[224] Platinum 100,000^
New Zealand (RMNZ)[225] 5× Platinum 75,000^
Norway (IFPI Norway)[212] Platinum 110,000[226]
Philippines (PARI)[218] Gold  
Portugal (AFP)[212] Gold 20,000^
Singapore — 25,000[a]
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[212] 3× Platinum 300,000^
Sweden (GLF)[218] Gold  
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)[212] 3× Platinum 150,000^
Turkey — 100,000[228]
United Kingdom (BPI)[142] 7× Platinum 2,100,000^
United States (RIAA)[119] 7× Platinum 7,000,000^
Summaries
Europe
as of July 1987 		— 5,500,000[140]
Worldwide — 25,000,000[129]

* Sales figures based on certification alone.
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ First-day sales for True Blue in Singapore.[227]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (June 30, 1986). "Madonna > True Blue > Overview". AllMusic. Archived from the original on June 2, 2012. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d Holden, Stephen (July 10, 1986). "Madonna cleans up her act but her music remains 'true blue' to controversy". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on October 8, 2018.
  3. ^ Sager, Jessica (March 14, 2023). "Madonna's dating history: From Sean Penn to Guy Ritchie". People. Archived from the original on March 15, 2023. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  4. ^ a b Wallace, Carol (July 8, 1985). "Desperately seeking matrimony". People. Archived from the original on January 23, 2023. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  5. ^ a b Hall, James (July 2, 2021). "Madonna, Sean Penn, and the toxic, tempestuous marriage that inspired True Blue". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on July 2, 2021. Retrieved December 30, 2023.(subscription required)
  6. ^ a b c Roberts, Dave (February 3, 2022). "'People have asked, can you write a hit? Answer: No. I mean obviously I can, but not because I've tried to'". Music Business Worldwide. Archived from the original on February 3, 2022. Retrieved December 31, 2023.
  7. ^ a b Breihan, Tom (December 11, 2020). "The Number Ones: Madonna's 'Live To Tell'". Stereogum. Archived from the original on December 11, 2020. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  8. ^ Lynch, Joel (July 13, 2015). "Watch Bette Midler introduce Madonna at Live Aid 30 years ago today". Billboard. Archived from the original on March 18, 2022. Retrieved December 23, 2023.
  9. ^ Bronson 2003, p. 637
  10. ^ Chin, Brian (April 5, 1986). "Dance Trax" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 98, no. 14. p. 35. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  11. ^ Gett, Steve (May 31, 1986). "LeBon docks, Duran Duran rocks; Tina, Phil head royal superjam" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 99, no. 22. p. 20. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  12. ^ "Flashback: Madonna awards winners of fan-made video 'True Blue'". Rolling Stone. June 30, 2016. Archived from the original on July 5, 2018. Retrieved December 30, 2023.(subscription required)
  13. ^ a b c d e f Jones, Andy (October 27, 2023). "Classic Album: Madonna - True Blue". Classic Pop. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  14. ^ a b c d e f Rooksby 2004, pp. 21–23
  15. ^ a b c d Taraborrelli 2002, pp. 117–118
  16. ^ a b Voller 1991, p. 80
  17. ^ McKeen 2000, p. 233
  18. ^ a b Easlea 2012, pp. 49–50
  19. ^ Parish & Pitts 2003, p. 525
  20. ^ a b Chola, Enio (February 8, 2012). "The top 15 Madonna singles of all time". PopMatters. Archived from the original on November 10, 2014. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  21. ^ a b Bronson 2003, p. 655
  22. ^ a b c Breihan, Tom (February 1, 2021). "The Number Ones: Madonna's 'Open Your Heart'". Stereogum. Archived from the original on February 1, 2021. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  23. ^ a b Metz & Benson 1999, p. 48
  24. ^ Bronson, Fred (July 20, 2002). "Chart beat" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 114, no. 29. p. 4. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  25. ^ a b Waxler, Erika (October 1986). "Madonna – True Blue". Spin. 2 (7): 37. ISSN 0886-3032. Archived from the original on June 5, 2022. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  26. ^ Scaggs, Austin (October 29, 2009). "Madonna looks back: The Rolling Stone interview". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on July 25, 2018. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  27. ^ a b Cross 2007, pp. 40–41
  28. ^ a b c d Ruggieri, Melissa (June 30, 2021). "Madonna's gutsy True Blue album turned her into a 'serious' star, says producer Patrick Leonard". USA Today. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  29. ^ a b Cinquemani, Sal (June 12, 2019). "Madonna's enduring love affair with Latin culture, from 'La Isla Bonita' to Madame X". Billboard. Archived from the original on July 14, 2022. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  30. ^ a b Dresden, Hilton (August 14, 2017). "Madonna's 'La Isla Bonita' was written for Michael Jackson". Out. Archived from the original on July 20, 2018. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  31. ^ Easlea 2012, p. 57
  32. ^ Kantor, Justin (February 3, 2012). "Interview: Curtis Hudson & Lisa Stevens, songwriters of Madonna's 'Holiday' (Part 2)". Blogcritics. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  33. ^ a b Holden, Stephen (June 29, 1986). "Madonna goes heavy on heart". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 25, 2013. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  34. ^ a b c d O'Brien 2008, pp. 101–104
  35. ^ Sexton 1993, p. 56
  36. ^ Bielen 1999, p. 151
  37. ^ Breihan, Tom (December 28, 2020). "The Number Ones: Madonna's 'Papa Don't Preach'". Stereogum. Archived from the original on December 28, 2020. Retrieved January 4, 2024.
  38. ^ Orgill 2001, p. 80
  39. ^ "Madonna's 15 best songs: Billboard staff picks". Billboard. September 3, 2015. Archived from the original on December 27, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2023.
  40. ^ a b Marsh 1999, p. 38
  41. ^ Kearnan, Scott (September 9, 2013). "The 30 ultimate Madonna singles". Boston.com. Archived from the original on April 28, 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2024.
  42. ^ a b c d Rooksby 2004, pp. 24–25
  43. ^ Mason, Stewart. "Madonna > "La Isla Bonita" > Overview". AllMusic. Archived from the original on July 9, 2022. Retrieved January 4, 2024.
  44. ^ a b Matthew-Walker 1991, pp. 118–119
  45. ^ Vannini 2022, p. 94
  46. ^ Fouz-Hernández & Jarman-Ivens 2004, p. 143
  47. ^ Rettenmund 1995, pp. 148–149
  48. ^ a b O'Brien 2008, p. 107
  49. ^ a b c d e f Lewis, Julia (October 15, 2006). "True Blue's first twenties". Aperture. Los Angeles: Aperture Foundation: 71–72. ISSN 0003-6420.
  50. ^ Lynch, Joe (August 7, 2023). "The 100 Best album covers of all time". Billboard. Archived from the original on August 8, 2023. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  51. ^ "June hot album releases" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 98, no. 23. June 7, 1986. p. 97. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  52. ^ a b c d Piatkowksi, Peter (June 29, 2021). "35 years ago, Madonna staged on her (first) bid for artistic credibility with True Blue". PopMatters. Archived from the original on June 29, 2021. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  53. ^ Paoletta, Michael (August 18, 2001). "Reviews & Previews: Vital Reissues" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 33, no. 113. p. 17. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved May 19, 2023.
  54. ^ a b True Blue (Remastered edition) (CD). Warner Bros. 2001. PROP05216. {{cite AV media notes}}: Unknown parameter |people= ignored (help)
  55. ^ a b "True Blue 35th anniversary edition". Icon: Official Madonna website. July 30, 2021. Archived from the original on August 17, 2021. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  56. ^ Lavin, Will (September 24, 2019). "Madonna's first four albums to be reissued on stunning crystal clear vinyl". NME. Archived from the original on September 26, 2019. Retrieved April 13, 2024.
  57. ^ a b c Vivinetto, Gina (December 23, 2023). "Madonna's 9 tours: Ranked". The Advocate. Archived from the original on July 8, 2020. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
  58. ^ a b Rettenmund 1995, pp. 189–190
  59. ^ Clerk 2002, p. 66
  60. ^ Hilburn, Robert (June 29, 1987). "Tour opens! It's true: Madonna is really good". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 14, 2014. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  61. ^ Snead, Elizabeth; Zamost, Scott A. (July 2, 1987). "New Madonna tour sets racy tone". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on December 2, 2020. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  62. ^ Farber, Jim (October 22, 2008). "When it comes to controversy on tour, Madonna's been down this road". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on October 23, 2008. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  63. ^ Bamidele, Afouda (October 16, 2023). "What is Madonna's highest grossing tour?". Yahoo!. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  64. ^ Bego 2000, p. 190
  65. ^ Citations regarding the release dates of "Live to Tell":
  66. ^ Mason, Stewart (1986). "Live To Tell > Overview". AllMusic. Archived from the original on May 10, 2022. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  67. ^ a b c d e Caulfield, Keith (August 16, 2017). "Madonna's 40 biggest Billboard hits". Billboard. Archived from the original on November 19, 2021. Retrieved December 10, 2023.
  68. ^ a b "Madonna Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard. Archived from the original on November 17, 2021. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  69. ^ Butler 2002, p. 232
  70. ^ Citations regarding the release dates of "Papa Don't Preach":
  71. ^ a b c Sigerson, Davitt (July 17, 1986). "Home > Music > Album reviews > True Blue". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on August 16, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2022.(subscription required)
  72. ^ a b c d e Cinquemani, Sal (March 9, 2003). "Review: Madonna, True Blue". Slant Magazine. Archived from the original on May 5, 2022. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  73. ^ Fouz-Hernández & Jarman-Ivens 2004, pp. 60–61
  74. ^ a b c d Griffiths, George (August 16, 2023). "65 incredible Madonna chart facts, feats and trivia". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on August 16, 2023. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  75. ^ DeKnock, Jan (August 22, 1986). "Madonna Preaches Her Message to Appreciative Worldwide Audience". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on October 24, 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  76. ^ Murrian, Samuel R. (August 16, 2018). "We ranked Madonna's 21 greatest music videos of all time – Happy birthday to the Queen of Pop". Parade. Archived from the original on August 17, 2018. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  77. ^ Mitchell 2000, p. 15
  78. ^ "Express Yourself: The Making of Madonna's 20 greatest music videos". Rolling Stone. February 25, 2015. Archived from the original on April 15, 2019. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  79. ^ Dullea, Georgia (September 18, 1986). "Madonna's new beat is a hit, but song's message rankles". New York Times. Archived from the original on November 27, 2013. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  80. ^ Citations regarding the release dates of "True Blue":
  81. ^ Taraborrelli 2002, p. 53
  82. ^ Clerk 2002, p. 49
  83. ^ Lewis 1991, p. 206
  84. ^ Citations regarding the release dates of "Open Your Heart":
  85. ^ Grein, Paul (February 7, 1987). "Chart Beat" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 99, no. 6. p. 6. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  86. ^ Forbes & Mahan 2005, pp. 86–87
  87. ^ Guilbert 2002, pp. 46–47
  88. ^ "Madonna.com > Discography > La Isla Bonita". Archived from the original on January 2, 2010. Retrieved December 29, 2023 – via Icon: Official Madonna Website.
  89. ^ Taraborrelli 2002, p. 128
  90. ^ Arnold, Chuck (August 15, 2018). "Madonna's 60 best singles, ranked". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on August 15, 2018. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  91. ^ Yamato, Jen (April 4, 2019). "Original 'Pet Sematary' director Mary Lambert on her horror classic, Madonna videos and meetings with Stephen King at Denny's". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on April 4, 2019. Retrieved July 6, 2022.
  92. ^ Rinallo, Scott & Maclaran 2013, p. 39
  93. ^ "Outa' the box - Top 40" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 99, no. 29. July 18, 1987. p. 10. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  94. ^ Power, Tony. "Madonna - True Blue". Blender. Archived from the original on August 18, 2004. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  95. ^ a b McLeese, Don (July 10, 1986). "'Mature' Madonna isn't as much fun, but new album has wider range". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on March 12, 2017. Retrieved December 29, 2023.(subscription required)
  96. ^ Christgau, Robert (1990). "Madonna: True Blue". Christgau's Record Guide: The '80s. Pantheon Books. ISBN 0-679-73015-X. Archived from the original on March 12, 2017. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  97. ^ Larkin, Colin (2011). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music (5th concise ed.). Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-85712-595-8.
  98. ^ Farber, Jim (July 20, 2001). "Madonna's discography". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on June 19, 2017. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  99. ^ Ross, Jonathan (July 2001). "Madonna: True Blue". Q (178). London: 131.
  100. ^ Weisbard, Eric; Marks, Craig, eds. (1995). Spin Alternative Record Guide. Vintage Books. p. 235. ISBN 0-679-75574-8.
  101. ^ Simeone, Matt (August 16, 2023). "For Madonna's 65th Birthday, Dive Into Her Discography". Sirius XM. Archived from the original on June 13, 2024. Retrieved June 13, 2024.
  102. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Madonna Biography by Stephen Thomas Erlewine". AllMusic. Archived from the original on June 14, 2024. Retrieved June 14, 2024.
  103. ^ "Reviews: Spotlight" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 99, no. 28. July 12, 1986. p. 72. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  104. ^ Hilburn, Robert (July 6, 1986). "Madonna is nobody's toy". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on June 18, 2012. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  105. ^ Hunt, El (October 12, 2023). "Don't go for second best, baby: All Madonna's albums, ranked". Evening Standard. Archived from the original on October 17, 2023. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  106. ^ a b Von Aue, Mary (March 18, 2015). "Madonna albums from worst to best". Stereogum. Archived from the original on November 23, 2020. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  107. ^ "We ranked every single Madonna album from worst to best". Gay Times. June 17, 2019. Archived from the original on August 13, 2020. Retrieved December 17, 2023.
  108. ^ Earp, Joseph (April 23, 2020). "Virgins, prayers and lots of sex: All 14 Madonna albums, ranked from worst to best". Junkee. Archived from the original on April 27, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2023.
  109. ^ a b Nager, Larry (July 13, 1986). "Madonna sounding more natural". The Sunday Telegraph: H-4. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
  110. ^ Cooke, Karen (July 18, 1986). "Album Review: True Blue - Madonna (WEA)". The Age: 39. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
  111. ^ Easlea 2012, p. 50
  112. ^ Quayle, John (August 22, 1986). "Madonna's new album is a winner; guitarist Buchanan still the best". Observer-Reporter. p. C-3. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  113. ^ Zebora, Jim (July 27, 1986). "One torch doesn't light Madonna". Record-Journal. p. 29. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  114. ^ Kilman, Larry (August 4, 1986). "Record Review". The Evening News: 58. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  115. ^ "Billboard 200: The week of July 19, 1986". Billboard. July 19, 1986. Archived from the original on July 18, 2015. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
  116. ^ Grein, Paul (August 16, 1986). "Chart beat" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 98, no. 33. p. 6. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
  117. ^ Grein, Paul (September 13, 1986). "Chart beat" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 98, no. 37. p. 6. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
  118. ^ a b "Madonna Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
  119. ^ a b "American album certifications – Madonna – True Blue". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  120. ^ Grein, Paul (August 11, 2010). "Week Ending Aug. 8, 2008: Taylor Swift Returns". Yahoo! Music. Archived from the original on August 16, 2010. Retrieved December 31, 2023.
  121. ^ Barry, David (February 18, 2002). "Shania, Backstreet, Britney, Eminem and Janet top all time sellers". Music Industry News Network. Archived from the original on July 3, 2003. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
  122. ^ "Top Albums/CDs - Volume 44, No. 15, July 05 1986". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. July 5, 1986. Archived from the original on October 9, 2012. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
  123. ^ a b "Top RPM Albums: Issue 0709". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
  124. ^ a b LaPointe, Kirk (July 25, 1987). "June certifications give Madonna top female status" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 99, no. 30. p. 66. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
  125. ^ "Canadian album certifications – Madonna – True Blue". Music Canada. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
  126. ^ a b "Argentina's Top 10" (PDF). Cash Box. 51 (25): 17. December 12, 1987. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  127. ^ "Argentinian album certifications – Madonna – True Blue" (in Spanish). Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
  128. ^ "WEA". Exame (in Portuguese). No. 366. Editora Abril. 1986. p. 62. Archived from the original on December 3, 2021. Retrieved December 31, 2023 – via Google Books. Quando a gravadora WEA lançou o primeiro long-play da roqueira Madonna (Like a Virgin) no Brasil, no ano passado, precisou de 14 meses para vender 410 mil cópias. O segundo, True Blue, lançado em julho último, alcançou 205 mil em duas semanas.
  129. ^ a b c d e f Holden, Stephen (August 20, 1986). "The pop life; Lionel Richie's latest songs have a new slant". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  130. ^ a b Pickard, Christopher (February 6, 1988). "Brazil record sales hold ground" (PDF). Cash Box. 51 (31): 26. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  131. ^ a b "Brazilian album certifications – Madonna – True Blue" (in Portuguese). Pro-Música Brasil. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  132. ^ a b Claimed sales for True Blue in Brazil:
    (Over 1 million) (818,600 copies as of 1993 according to Jornal do Brasil) (700,000 copies as of 1989 according to Veja)
  133. ^ a b "Hits of the world" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 98, no. 37. September 13, 1986. p. 79. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  134. ^ ゴールドディスク大賞受賞者一覧 (PDF) (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. 1987–2006. pp. 2–3. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 29, 2010. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
  135. ^ "Gold Disc Award > Gold Disc Award Criteria". International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. Archived from the original on October 15, 2007. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
  136. ^ a b c d e Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (Illustrated ed.). Australia: Australian Chart Book. p. 444. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
  137. ^ a b "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 1996 Albums" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  138. ^ "Radioscope Gold / Platinum Albums". Recording Industry Association of New Zealand. March 1, 2009. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
  139. ^ a b "European Hot 100 Albums" (PDF). Music & Media. 3 (30/31). August 2, 1986. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  140. ^ a b c Bakker, Machgiel (July 18, 1987). "Madonna heads for 15th triumph" (PDF). Music & Media. 4 (28): 11. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  141. ^ a b "Madonna | Artist | Official Charts". UK Albums Chart. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
  142. ^ a b "British album certifications – Madonna – True Blue". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  143. ^ Myers, Justin (June 8, 2019). "Madonna's official biggest selling albums". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on June 7, 2019. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  144. ^ a b "Lescharts.com – Madonna – True Blue". Hung Medien. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
  145. ^ a b "French album certifications – Madonna – True Blue" (in French). InfoDisc. Retrieved January 3, 2024. Select MADONNA and click OK. 
  146. ^ a b Decant, Charles (March 26, 2012). "Madonna: Une carrière en 12 chiffres" (in French). Charts in France. Archived from the original on March 28, 2012. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  147. ^ a b "Offiziellecharts.de – Madonna – True Blue" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
  148. ^ a b "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Madonna; 'True Blue')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  149. ^ a b "Italy's Top 10" (PDF). Cash Box. 50 (15): 14. September 27, 1986. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  150. ^ a b c "Highlights" (PDF). Music & Media. 3 (30/31): 11. August 2, 1986. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  151. ^ a b c d Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.
  152. ^ a b "Swisscharts.com – Madonna – True Blue". Hung Medien. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
  153. ^ a b c d e f g Andersen 1992, p. 221
  154. ^ James 1991, p. 12
  155. ^ a b Kaufman, Gil (March 29, 2012). "Madonna and Lionel Richie to reunite on Billboard charts?". MTV. Archived from the original on March 31, 2012. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  156. ^ Garrán, Daniel (July 1, 2021). "True Blue, el disco de la madurez artística de Madonna, cumple 35 años" (in Spanish). Los 40. Archived from the original on July 1, 2021. Retrieved December 31, 2023.
  157. ^ "Pop Rescue: True Blue by Madonna (CD, 1986)". Pop Rescue. October 3, 2014. Archived from the original on July 12, 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  158. ^ Savage, Mark (August 15, 2008). "Madonna turns 50: Highs and lows". BBC. Archived from the original on August 16, 2008. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  159. ^ a b White, Jackc (October 9, 2020). "All the Number 1 albums of the 1980s". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on October 13, 2020. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  160. ^ Rettenmund 1995, pp. 175–176
  161. ^ "The 100 best albums of the 1980s". Slant Magazine. March 5, 2012. Archived from the original on March 26, 2019. Retrieved December 31, 2023.
  162. ^ Chadwick, Justin (June 26, 2021). "Madonna's True Blue turns 35: Anniversary retrospective". Albumism. Archived from the original on June 26, 2021. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  163. ^ "Record producers betting on B-sides". Orlando Sentinel. May 15, 1987. Retrieved December 29, 2023.(subscription required)
  164. ^ Emery, Mark (October 22, 2015). "1986 flashback: Remembering the year of the Mets' last title, from Reagan to Ruxpin". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on October 24, 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  165. ^ Wagner, Nevilk Rocco (December 12, 2012). "Sus discos (Her albums)". El Mercurio (in Spanish). Archived from the original on December 22, 2013. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  166. ^ "New Guinness book goes on the record". The Philadelphia Inquirer. October 16, 1987. Archived from the original on December 20, 2013. Retrieved December 29, 2023.(subscription required)
  167. ^ Bohem 1990, p. 78
  168. ^ "Los récords Guinness de Madonna (Madonna's Guiness Records)". Milenio (in Spanish). January 4, 2016. Archived from the original on June 7, 2018. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  169. ^ a b True Blue (Liner notes). Sire. Warner Bros. Records. 1986. 925442-2. {{cite AV media notes}}: Unknown parameter |people= ignored (help)
  170. ^ "Austriancharts.at – Madonna – True Blue" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
  171. ^ "Hits of the world" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 98, no. 34. August 23, 1986. p. 72. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  172. ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Madonna – True Blue" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
  173. ^ Pennanen, Timo (2021). "Sisältää hitin: 1 January 1960 – 30.6.2021" (PDF) (in Finnish). Musiikkiarkisto. pp. 156–157. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 26, 2021. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  174. ^ "Ísland (LP-plötur)" (in Icelandic). Timarit.is. August 8, 1986. p. 43. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  175. ^ "Madonna top of the pops". Evening Herald. January 1, 2024. p. 27. Archived from the original on September 20, 2022. Retrieved February 13, 2022 – via British Newspaper Archive. Her True Blue album topped sales of 11 million and was No. I album in 28 countries including Ireland.
  176. ^ "Charts.nz – Madonna – True Blue". Hung Medien. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
  177. ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Madonna – True Blue". Hung Medien. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
  178. ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Madonna – True Blue". Hung Medien. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
  179. ^ "Top 100 Albums" (PDF). Music Week: 24. July 19, 1986. ISSN 0265-1548. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  180. ^ "Madonna Chart History (Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
  181. ^ "Top Pop Debuts" (PDF). Cash Box. 50 (9): 3. August 16, 1986. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  182. ^ "Lista prodaje 15. tjedan 2019. (08.04.2019. - 14.04.2019.)" (in Croatian). HDU. April 21, 2019. Archived from the original on April 24, 2019. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  183. ^ "Greek Albums: Week of May 4, 2019". Billboard. IFPI Greece. Archived from the original on August 29, 2022. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  184. ^ "Italiancharts.com – Madonna – True Blue". Hung Medien. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
  185. ^ "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
  186. ^ "Top lista vinila – Strana – 04/2020" (in Croatian). HDU. May 8, 2020. Archived from the original on August 14, 2020. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  187. ^ "Jahreshitparade 1986" (in German). Hung Medien. Archived from the original on April 5, 2005. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  188. ^ "Top 100 albums of '86". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. December 27, 1986. Archived from the original on May 24, 2013. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  189. ^ "Jaaroverzichten 1986" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Archived from the original on August 21, 2014. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  190. ^ "Hot 100 of the year 1986" (PDF). Music & Media. 3 (51/52): 35. December 27, 1986. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  191. ^ "Les Albums (CD) de 1986 par InfoDisc" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP). Archived from the original on October 27, 2012. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  192. ^ "Top 100 album-jahrescharts 1986" (in German). Hung Medien. Archived from the original on May 9, 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  193. ^ Giallo, Roberto (August 14, 1987). "Rock e merletti: cercasi mito disperatamente" (PDF). L'Unità (in Italian). p. 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 10, 2021. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  194. ^ a b c d Okamoto, Satoshi (2006). Oricon Album Chart Book: Complete Edition 1970–2005. Roppongi, Tokyo: Oricon Entertainment. ISBN 4-87131-077-9. Archived from the original on November 6, 2018.
  195. ^ "Official Top 40 Albums". NZ Music Charts. Archived from the original on May 11, 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  196. ^ "Topp 40 Album Sommer 1986" (in Norwegian). VG-lista. Archived from the original on September 10, 2017. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
  197. ^ "Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1986" (in German). Hung Medien. Archived from the original on April 23, 2001. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  198. ^ "Top Pop Albums" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 98, no. 52. December 27, 1986. p. Y-19. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  199. ^ "The CASH BOX Year-End Charts: 1986". Cash Box. December 27, 1986. Archived from the original on January 18, 2008. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  200. ^ "Jahreshitparade 1987" (in German). Hung Medien. Archived from the original on April 5, 2005. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  201. ^ "Top 100 albums of '87". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. December 26, 1987. Archived from the original on October 12, 2012. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  202. ^ "Jaaroverzichten - LP 1987" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Archived from the original on August 20, 2014. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  203. ^ "European Hot 100 Albums" (PDF). Music & Media. 4 (51/52): 38. December 26, 1987. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  204. ^ "Top 100 album-jahrescharts 1987" (in German). Hung Medien. Archived from the original on May 9, 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  205. ^ "Official Top 40 Albums". NZ Music Charts. Archived from the original on May 11, 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  206. ^ "Top Pop Albums" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 99, no. 52. December 26, 1987. p. Y-20. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  207. ^ Savage, Joshua (October 9, 2020). "U2's Joshua Tree voted the best album of the 1980s". BBC. Archived from the original on October 9, 2020. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  208. ^ "Greatest of all time Billboard 200 albums". Billboard. Archived from the original on November 13, 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  209. ^ "Greatest of all time Billboard 200 albums by women". Billboard. Archived from the original on February 1, 2018. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  210. ^ "Argentinian album certifications – Madonna – True Blue" (in Spanish). Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  211. ^ "Madonna: Una chica con tacto" (PDF). Pelo (in Spanish). 24 (453). 1993. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  212. ^ a b c d e f g "Gold & Platinum Awards: European best sellers of 1987" (PDF). Music & Media. 4 (51/52): 42–44. December 26, 1987. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  213. ^ a b "European Gold & Platinum Awards 1986" (PDF). Music & Media. 3 (51/52): 32–34. December 27, 1986. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  214. ^ "Canadian album certifications – Madonna – True Blue". Music Canada. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  215. ^ "Danish album certifications – Madonna – True Blue". IFPI Danmark. Retrieved November 2, 2024.
  216. ^ a b "Madonna" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  217. ^ "IFPIHK Gold Disc Award − 1989". IFPI Hong Kong. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  218. ^ a b c de Souza, Tárik (September 14, 1986). "Música popular: Madona dispara". Jornal do Brasil (in Portuguese). Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  219. ^ "אלבומים ומכירות בארץ". LaIsha (in Hebrew). August 13, 2001. p. 56. Archived from the original on August 10, 2023. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  220. ^ Cavaliere, Giulia (April 16, 2019). "Madonna: i mille volti della regina del pop". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Archived from the original on April 17, 2019. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  221. ^ "Italian album certifications – Madonna – True Blue" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved September 30, 2024.
  222. ^ "Japanese album certifications – マドンナ – トゥルー・ブルー (Reissue)" (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. Retrieved January 3, 2024. Select 1994年3月 on the drop-down menu
  223. ^ Ming, Y.S. (June 3, 1989). "WEA Malaysia posts record music sales" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 101, no. 22. p. 67. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  224. ^ "Dutch album certifications – Madonna – True Blue" (in Dutch). Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld- en geluidsdragers. Retrieved January 3, 2024. Enter True Blue in the "Artiest of titel" box. Select 1986 in the drop-down menu saying "Alle jaargangen".
  225. ^ "Latest Gold / Platinum Albums". Radioscope. July 17, 2011. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  226. ^ Thon, Kjell Henning (July 15, 1999). "Nr. 25: Madonna tok kontroll". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on July 15, 2002. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  227. ^ "Women top the pop charts". The Straits Times. December 27, 1987. p. 16. Archived from the original on October 31, 2022. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  228. ^ "Ekonomi Araştırma". Milliyet (in Turkish). September 17, 1987. p. 5. Archived from the original on June 7, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2024.(subscription required)

Bibliography

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=True_Blue_(Madonna_album)&oldid=1255026191"