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Blanding's turtle

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Blanding's turtle
CITES Appendix II (CITES)[3]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Testudines
Suborder: Cryptodira
Superfamily: Testudinoidea
Family: Emydidae
Subfamily: Emydinae
Genus: Emydoidea
JE Gray, 1870
Species:
E. blandingii
Binomial name
Emydoidea blandingii
The range of Blanding's turtle
Synonyms[5][6][7]

Blanding's turtle (Emydoidea blandingii)[1][5] is a species of semi-aquatic turtle of the family Emydidae. This species is native to central and eastern parts of Canada and the United States.[2] It is considered to be an endangered species throughout much of its range.[8] Blanding's turtle is of interest in longevity research, as it shows few or no common signs of aging and is physically active and capable of reproduction into eight or nine decades of life.[9][10]

Taxonomy

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There are differences of opinion as to the genus for this species; both Emys and Emydoidea occur in published sources in 2009, 2010, and 2011.[1][4]

Etymology

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Both the specific name, blandingii, and the common name, Blanding's turtle, are in honor of American naturalist Dr. William Blanding (1773–1857).[11]

Description

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Blanding's turtle is a medium-sized turtle with an average straight carapace length of approximately 18 to 23 cm (7.1 to 9.1 in) with a maximum of 25.5 cm (10.0 in).[12] A distinguishing feature of this turtle is the bright yellow chin and throat. The carapace, or upper shell, is domed, but slightly flattened along the midline, and is oblong when viewed from above. The carapace is speckled with numerous yellow or light-colored flecks or streaks on a dark background. The plastron, or lower shell, is yellow with dark blotches symmetrically arranged. The head and legs are dark, and usually speckled or mottled with yellow. Blanding's turtle is also called the "semi-box" turtle, for although the plastron is hinged, the plastral lobes do not shut as tight as the box turtles'.[13]

Reproduction

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Blanding's turtle takes 14–20 years to reach sexual maturity. Mating probably occurs in April and early May with nesting beginning in early June and lasting throughout the month.[14] Clutch size varies from region to region. In New York, the clutch size ranges from five to twelve eggs, with an average of eight.

Behavior and life span

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Blanding's turtle overwinters under or near water, in mud, or under vegetation or debris. This is known as brumation. During the nesting season, a female Blanding's turtle may be found more than a kilometer from where it hibernated. It is omnivorous, eating crustaceans (including crayfish), insects (such as dragonfly nymphs and aquatic beetles), snails and other invertebrates, fish, fish eggs, frogs, carrion, berries, seeds, and vegetable debris.[15] It will eat coontail, duckweed, sedge, and bulrush.[15] It is capable of catching live fish. Based on the extreme lack of aging symptoms and lack of age related decline, this turtle is considered a negligibly senescent species.[9]

Blanding's turtle is a timid turtle and may plunge into water and remain on the bottom for hours when alarmed. If away from water, the turtle will withdraw into its shell. It is very gentle and rarely attempts to bite. It is very agile and a good swimmer.

Distribution and habitat

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Affixing a transmitter for research purposes

The geographic range of E. blandingii centres on the Great Lakes, and extends from central Nebraska and Minnesota (where it twice failed to become the state reptile)[16] eastward through southern Ontario and the south shore of Lake Erie as far east as northern New York. In Nebraska, this turtle is uncommon in the eastern portion of the state, but common to abundant in the Sand Hills region lakes, ponds, and streams. There are also isolated populations in southeastern New York (Dutchess County), New England, and Nova Scotia.[17]

Its general habitat is wetlands with clean shallow water. It is known to bask on logs, and will wander far from water, particularly when nesting. It generally nests in sunny areas, with well drained soil. Younger turtles may bask on sedge and alder hummocks. Young will often travel far in search of mating sites, new habitat, or new food sources, as do elder turtles.

Conservation status

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The primary threat to Blanding's turtle is habitat fragmentation and destruction as well as nest predation by unnaturally large populations of predators.[2] It is listed as an endangered species on the IUCN Red List[2] as endangered in some U.S. states, and as either threatened or endangered throughout Canada, though in the U.S. it has no federal status. International trade in Blanding's turtle is restricted, as the species is listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) meaning that international trade is regulated by the CITES permit system.[3]

This species can also be adversely affected by prescribed burns. During fall and late spring hatchlings move overland and it is recommended that prescribed burns should be avoided during these times.[18]

The U.S. states in which it is considered endangered are Indiana,[19] Illinois, Missouri,[20] Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and South Dakota.[21] It is considered threatened in New York and Iowa.[22][23] In Michigan, Blanding's turtle is also fully protected as a special concern species,[24] making it unlawful to kill, take, trap, possess, buy, or sell.[25] In Lake County, Illinois, a long-term species recovery program has been underway since 2009.[26]

In Canada, the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence River population in Ontario and Quebec is federally threatened,[27] and the Nova Scotia population is endangered.[28] Conservation and recovery efforts in Nova Scotia have been in place for two decades and rely on habitat and life history monitoring based on the work of researchers and volunteers. Habitat protection has proven crucial. The population in Kejimkujik has been placed under the highest level of protection; the McGowan Lake population was initially protected by Bowater but has since been taken over by the Province. In Pleasant River, Nova Scotia Nature Trust protects four separate segments of critical habitat.[29]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d Rhodin 2011, p. 000.185
  2. ^ a b c d van Dijk, P.P.; Rhodin, A.G.J. (2019) [errata version of 2011 assessment]. "Emydoidea blandingii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T7709A155088836. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T7709A155088836.en. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  3. ^ a b "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  4. ^ a b Rhodin 2010, pp. 000.138–000.139
  5. ^ a b c Rhodin 2010, pp. 000.105–000.106
  6. ^ Fritz, Uwe; Havaš, Peter (2007). "Checklist of Chelonians of the World". Vertebrate Zoology 57 (2): 149–368. (Emydoidea blandingii, pp. 180–181).
  7. ^ Emys blandingii. The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
  8. ^ "Blanding's Turtle". Environmental Laboratory, Engineer Research and Development Center, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Archived from the original on 2009-01-14. Retrieved 2006-05-25.
  9. ^ a b "Emydoidea blandingii ". The Moirai – Aging Research. 2016-10-30. Archived from the original on 2018-09-03. Retrieved 2016-12-13.
  10. ^ Brooks, Michael (2008). Chapter 9: "Death". 13 Things That Don't Make Sense. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 9781861978172.
  11. ^ Beolens B, Watkins M, Grayson M (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5.
  12. ^ "Status Assessment for the Blanding's Turtle (Emydoidea blandingii) in the Northeast" (PDF). 30 July 2007.
  13. ^ COLE, STACEY (2017-08-12). "Stacey Cole's Nature Talks: Have you seen a Blanding's turtle this summer?". UnionLeader.com. Retrieved 2024-10-18.
  14. ^ MacCulloch RD, Weller WF (1988). "Reproduction in a Lake Erie population of Blanding's Turtle, Emydoidea blandingii ". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 66 (10): 2317–2319. doi:10.1139/z88-345.
  15. ^ a b Grey, Evan. "Emydoidea blandingii". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
  16. ^ "Minnesota State Symbols—Unofficial, Proposed, or Facetious". Minnesota State Legislature. Retrieved 2011-02-25.
  17. ^ Ernst CH, Barbour RW, Lovich JE (1994). Turtles of the United States and Canada. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. p. 242.
  18. ^ Refsnider JM, Linck MH (2012). "Habitat use and movement patterns of Blanding's Turtles (Emydoidea blandingii) in Minnesota, USA: a landscape approach to species conservation" (PDF). Herpetological Conservation and Biology. 7 (2): 185–195. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
  19. ^ Indiana Legislative Services Agency (2011). "312 IAC 9-5-4: Endangered species of reptiles and amphibians". Indiana Administrative Code. Retrieved 28 Apr 2012.
  20. ^ "Endangered Species in the Field Guide". Discover Nature Field Guide. MO Dept. of Conservation. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
  21. ^ "A Field Guide to South Dakota Turtles" (PDF). South Dakota State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-21.
  22. ^ "Study tracks reclusive, threatened turtle species to better understand habitat needs". Iowa Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved 2023-06-09.
  23. ^ "Blanding's Turtle Fact Sheet". New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  24. ^ Blanding's Turtle (Emys blandingii). Michigan Natural Features Inventory.
  25. ^ "Michigan's Rare Animals". Retrieved 2020-04-12.
  26. ^ "Lake County celebrates World Turtle Day with release of 100 endangered Blanding's turtles". Chicago Tribune. 23 May 2019. Archived from the original on 2021-08-01.
  27. ^ Blanding's Turtle Great Lakes / St. Lawrence population Archived 2013-06-10 at the Wayback Machine, Species At Risk Public Registry
  28. ^ Blanding's Turtle Nova Scotia Population Archived 2013-06-10 at the Wayback Machine, Species At Risk Public Registry.
  29. ^ Government of Canada (2017). Recovery Strategy for the Blanding's Turtle (Emydoidea blandingii), Nova Scotia Population, in Canada. Species at Risk Public Registry.
Bibliography

Further reading

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  • Behler JL, King FW (1979). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. New York: Knopf. 743 pp. ISBN 0-394-50824-6. (Emydoidea blandingi [sic], p. 458 + Plate 291).
  • Conant R (1975). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. xviii + 429 pp. ISBN 0-395-19979-4 (hardcover), ISBN 0-395-19977-8 (paperback). (Emydoidea blandingi [sic], p. 71 + Plates 5,7 + Map 26).
  • Goin CJ, Goin OB, Zug GR (1978). Introduction to Herpetology, Third Edition. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. xi + 378 pp. ISBN 0-7167-0020-4. (Genus Emydoidea, p. 259).
  • Holbrook JE (1838). North American Herpetology; or, A Description of the Reptiles Inhabiting the United States. Vol. III. Philadelphia: J. Dobson. 122 pp. + Plates I-XXX. (Cistuda blandingii, pp. 35–38 + Plate V).
  • Smith HM, Brodie ED Jr (1982). Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp. ISBN 0-307-13666-3. (Emydoidea blandingi [sic], pp. 44–45).
  • Stejneger L, Barbour T (1917). A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 125 pp. (Emys blandingii, p. 115).
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