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Wiki Education assignment: EEB 4611-Biogeochemical Processes-Spring 2024

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This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 16 January 2024 and 11 May 2024. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Just.Awale (article contribs).

— Assignment last updated by LynSchwendy (talk) 03:29, 14 May 2024 (UTC)[reply]

Just.Awale (talk) 03:51, 21 April 2024 (UTC), hello, I added a new section called "the impact of deforestation on biogeochemical cycles." this is for a class, thank you.[reply]
@Just.Awale: It is best for new editors to learn to edit incrementally, rather than making huge posts of new material. Your ~15 KByte post of 20 April 2024 includes topics that are already covered in other sections (example: water cycle). Editors should try to "fit" material into existing articles rather than posting their own lengthy essays. It would take other editors a huge amount of time to review your contribution, and massage parts of it into the remainder of the article. —RCraig09 (talk) 04:18, 21 April 2024 (UTC)[reply]
We've had exactly the same problem here with another course: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle . See also further discussion here. EMsmile (talk) 09:27, 22 April 2024 (UTC)[reply]
I've undone the recent huge text addition. There is bound to be useful content in there but it needs to be woven into the article carefully and incrementally. Students and their mentors cannot expect the Wikipedia community to do that work for them. EMsmile (talk) 09:30, 22 April 2024 (UTC)[reply]
I see the student put it back in in May. I have now removed it a section time (see also further down below on this talk page). EMsmile (talk) 17:18, 24 July 2024 (UTC)[reply]

Article too long, needs culling

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I think this article is too long (75 kB (11843 words) "readable prose size") and has excessive detail one some topics which should be culled and condensed. I've started with culling some excessive detail on the health aspects, see above. I plan to do more condensing. I see it as a high-level overview article that should clearly interlink with relevant sub-articles like reforestation or deforestation and climate change. Pinging User:ASRASR who might like to comment, given he is working on desertification at the moment. EMsmile (talk) 08:33, 26 September 2023 (UTC)[reply]

I plan to move almost the entire section called "reforestation" to reforestation. This long segment is currently under the section called "control" but it really isn't a control method, rather perhaps a remedy. In any case, this topic has its own article so that amount of content about reforestation here is a bit excessive. I am pinging User:InformationToKnowledge in case they don't have this article on their watchlist but would like to add it on. EMsmile (talk) 15:40, 30 September 2023 (UTC)[reply]
I've done this culling/moving now. New length is now 61 kB (9538 words) "readable prose size". Still a bit on the long side but a lot better than before. EMsmile (talk) 21:56, 2 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]
I think the article is still took long. It has crept up again to 66 kB since I wrote my last comment six months ago. We can see above in the "section sizes" table which sections are overly long and detailed. I've just removed some sentences that I regarded as digressing or overly detailed. More needs to be done to bring this article length back down. I'd like to aim for 58 kB max. EMsmile (talk) 11:21, 18 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]

Removed content about impacts on cycles

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I've removed this content that was added in one go by a student in May 2024 in this edit (see text below). My reasons:

  • The new content adds repetition. This already starts with the duplicated definition section. Also, we already have a section on impacts, so anything new/specific could have been woven into that section.
  • This text is overly detailed and uses citations that are older (some of them) or very specific.
  • Some of the wording is not encyclopedic.
  • The text is generally overly wordy and academic in tone.
  • Some of the content is too specific for this high-level overview article (which was already on the long side, even before this big text block was added).

The impact of deforestation on biogeochemical cycles

Definitions

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This diagram depicts Earth's various spheres (atmosphere, biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere) and their interactions, with a focus on the carbon cycle. Deforestation can disrupt this cycle by reducing the biosphere's capacity to absorb CO2, leading to increased atmospheric carbon and impacting global climate systems.

Deforestation refers to the deliberate clearing and significant modification of forested lands, encompassing activities such as extensive tree cutting, forest thinning, and the use of fire to clear land.[citation needed] This process results in the conversion of forest areas into permanently altered non-forested uses, including agriculture, urban development, or pastureland, fundamentally disrupting the original forest structure and ecosystem.[1]

Biogeochemical cycles describe the pathways by which essential elements and compounds move through Earth's atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere.[2] These cycles involve the circulation of nutrients such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and water, which are vital for sustaining life by building and maintaining organisms, regulating climate, and supporting ecosystem functions. The balance and flow of these elements enable the production and decomposition of organic material, influence the Earth's climate system, and impact the overall health of global ecosystems.[3] Disruptions in these cycles can lead to significant environmental and ecological changes, underscoring the importance of understanding and managing human impacts on these fundamental natural processes.

Understanding the specific impacts of human actions on biogeochemical cycles is essential for developing effective strategies to mitigate the most disruptive disturbances. By clarifying how activities like deforestation alter these vital cycles, it becomes possible to suggest targeted approaches for reducing environmental and ecological damage, ultimately promoting a more sustainable interaction between human endeavors and the natural world.[4]

Impact on the Carbon Cycle

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The carbon stocks remaining in wet tropical forests face significant risks not only from human-driven deforestation but also from potential releases caused by climate change. Despite uncertainties surrounding the exact rates of deforestation, it is likely that substantial carbon losses will occur.[5] Land use carbon fluxes represent significant uncertainties in the global carbon cycle due to unresolved variables such as carbon stocks, the extent of deforestation, degradation, and biomass growth. This is particularly true in the densely populated savannas that are prevalent in the tropics, where precise data are lacking.[4] Combining estimates for additional carbon emissions over the 21st century from various climate change and deforestation scenarios, the projected range is between 101 and 367 gigaton of carbon.[5] This would result in increases in CO2 levels above pre-existing conditions by approximately 29 to 129 parts per million.[5] Given these factors, it is clear that ongoing tropical deforestation will have a major impact on future greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere.

Recent estimates indicate that tropical deforestation releases between 0.4 and 2.5 petagrams (1 petagram = 10^15 grams) of carbon into the atmosphere each year.[6] However, due to various uncertainties, this range could actually be between 1.1 and 3.6 petagrams of carbon per year.[6] Three main factors contribute to this expanded range: the rate at which forests are being cleared, whether the cleared land is used temporarily or permanently, and the initial amount of carbon stored in these forests, including reductions due to human activities like forest thinning or degradation.[6]

The impact of deforestation on the carbon cycle is both profound and far-reaching, significantly contributing to global carbon emissions. By disrupting the natural storage of carbon in forest biomass and soils, deforestation not only releases large quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere but also diminishes the forests' capacity to act as carbon sinks.[7] This exacerbates the greenhouse effect, leading to an increase in global warming and contributing to broader climate change phenomena. Addressing deforestation is critical in the global effort to manage carbon levels and mitigate the adverse effects of climate change, underscoring the need for effective conservation and sustainable land management practices.[8]

Impact on the Nitrogen Cycle

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Deforestation significantly impacts soil nitrogen availability, a key factor for soil fertility.[9] In regions converted from forest to cropland, there is a notable decrease in soil nitrogen stocks compared to areas maintained as natural forest or used for agroforestry.[10] A study conducted in White Nile Basin, Ethiopia involved collecting soil samples from different land uses, including natural forests, agroforestry systems, and croplands, across various depths and altitudes.[10] Results showed that both topsoil and subsoil in the forests and agroforestry systems contained higher levels of total nitrogen than those in croplands.[10] This reduction in nitrogen availability following deforestation underscores the challenge of maintaining soil health and fertility in areas subjected to agricultural expansion. Sustaining forested areas or integrating agroforestry practices is crucial for preserving soil nitrogen levels and supporting broader ecological balance.

Impact on the Water Cycle

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This infographic contrasts the biogeochemical cycles in a forest ecosystem before (A) and after (B) a disturbance. "Pre-disturbance" displays a functioning forest ecosystem with balanced gas exchanges and water cycling. "Post-disturbance" shows the ecosystem altered by deforestation, with increased greenhouse gas emissions, higher reflectivity (albedo), and decreased water cycling, indicating disrupted ecological balance.

Deforestation significantly impacts the hydrological cycle in tropical regions, leading to an increased risk of floods and droughts. When forests are cleared, the loss of tree cover disrupts the natural process of evapotranspiration, where water is absorbed by trees and released back into the atmosphere. This disruption results in reduced moisture availability in the atmosphere, which can diminish rainfall and increase the likelihood of drought conditions.[11] Additionally, without the root systems of trees to anchor the soil, deforested areas become highly susceptible to flooding during heavy rains.[11] The absence of vegetation leads to faster runoff of rainwater, preventing it from being absorbed into the ground, exacerbating soil erosion, and increasing the severity of floods.[1]

This alteration of natural water regulatory mechanisms by deforestation not only affects local climate patterns but also poses serious implications for biodiversity, agriculture, and human settlements in these regions. The increased frequency and intensity of droughts and floods can lead to crop failures, water shortages, and increased vulnerability of communities to natural disasters.[12]

The study by the Environmental Systems Analysis Group and Wageningen University, found that removing all humid forests and replacing them with grasslands would significantly lower rainfall in those areas, especially above the equator where non-forested regions would also get less rain.[13] In contrast, some parts of Southern Africa might see a slight increase in rainfall, while others would see a decrease. The effects vary with the extent of deforestation: in West Africa, losing even 30% of the trees reduces rainfall, but in Central and Southern Africa, it takes a loss of 70% tree cover to see a reduction.[13] They stated that deforestation could severely impact agriculture across Africa, particularly maize crops in regions north of the equator.[13] EMsmile (talk) 17:08, 24 July 2024 (UTC)[reply]

References

  1. ^ a b Akais Okia, Clement (April 2012). Global Perspectives on Sustainable Forest Management. Croatia: InTech. ISBN 978-953-51-0569-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  2. ^ Scheiner, Samuel M. (2023). Encyclopedia of Biodiversity (3rd ed.). Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-323-98434-8.
  3. ^ "Biogeochemical Cycles". Center for Science Education Learning. 2011.
  4. ^ a b Raimi, Morufu Olalekan; Abiola, Ilesanmi; Alima, Ogah; Omini, Dodeye Eno; Gift, Raimi Aziba-anyam (2021). "Exploring How Human Activities Disturb the Balance of Biogeochemical Cycles: Evidence from the Carbon, Nitrogen and Hydrologic Cycles". SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3896054. ISSN 1556-5068.
  5. ^ a b c Cramer, Wolfgang; Bondeau, Alberte; Schaphoff, Sibyll; Lucht, Wolfgang; Smith, Benjamin; Sitch, Stephen (2004-03-29). Malhi, Y.; Phillips, O. L. (eds.). "Tropical forests and the global carbon cycle: impacts of atmospheric carbon dioxide, climate change and rate of deforestation". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 359 (1443): 331–343. doi:10.1098/rstb.2003.1428. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 1693328. PMID 15212088.
  6. ^ a b c Houghton, R. A. (1991-09-01). "Tropical deforestation and atmospheric carbon dioxide". Climatic Change. 19 (1): 99–118. Bibcode:1991ClCh...19...99H. doi:10.1007/BF00142217. ISSN 1573-1480.
  7. ^ Li, Yue; Brando, Paulo M.; Morton, Douglas C.; Lawrence, David M.; Yang, Hui; Randerson, James T. (2022-04-12). "Deforestation-induced climate change reduces carbon storage in remaining tropical forests". Nature Communications. 13 (1): 1964. Bibcode:2022NatCo..13.1964L. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-29601-0. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 9005651. PMID 35413947.
  8. ^ Maeda, Eduardo Eiji; Aragão, Luiz E. O. C.; Baker, Jessica C. A.; Balbino, Luiz Carlos; de Moura, Yhasmin Mendes; Nobre, Antônio Donato; Nunes, Matheus Henrique; Silva Junior, Celso H. L.; dos Reis, Júlio César (2023-02-10). "Land use still matters after deforestation". Communications Earth & Environment. 4 (1): 29. Bibcode:2023ComEE...4...29M. doi:10.1038/s43247-023-00692-x. ISSN 2662-4435.
  9. ^ Sohng, Jaeeun; Singhakumara, B. M. P.; Ashton, Mark S. (2017-04-01). "Effects on soil chemistry of tropical deforestation for agriculture and subsequent reforestation with special reference to changes in carbon and nitrogen". Forest Ecology and Management. 389: 331–340. Bibcode:2017ForEM.389..331S. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2016.12.013. ISSN 0378-1127.
  10. ^ a b c Kassa, Henok; Dondeyne, Stefaan; Poesen, Jean; Frankl, Amaury; Nyssen, Jan (September 2017). "Impact of deforestation on soil fertility, soil carbon and nitrogen stocks: the case of the Gacheb catchment in the White Nile Basin, Ethiopia". Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 247: 273–282. Bibcode:2017AgEE..247..273K. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2017.06.034. hdl:1854/LU-8531097. ISSN 0167-8809.
  11. ^ a b Marengo, J. A.; Espinoza, J. C. (March 2016). "Extreme seasonal droughts and floods in Amazonia: causes, trends and impacts". International Journal of Climatology. 36 (3): 1033–1050. Bibcode:2016IJCli..36.1033M. doi:10.1002/joc.4420. ISSN 0899-8418.
  12. ^ Bradshaw, Corey J. A.; Sodhi, Navjot S.; Peh, Kelvin S.-H.; Brook, Barry W. (November 2007). "Global evidence that deforestation amplifies flood risk and severity in the developing world". Global Change Biology. 13 (11): 2379–2395. Bibcode:2007GCBio..13.2379B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01446.x. ISSN 1354-1013.
  13. ^ a b c Duku, Confidence; Hein, Lars (2021-06-01). "The impact of deforestation on rainfall in Africa: a data-driven assessment". Environmental Research Letters. 16 (6): 064044. Bibcode:2021ERL....16f4044D. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/abfcfb. ISSN 1748-9326.

EMsmile (talk) 17:08, 24 July 2024 (UTC)[reply]

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