Li Shangyin
Li Shangyin | |||||||||||||||||||||
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| Native name | 李商隱 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Born | c. 813 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Died | c. 858 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Occupation | Poet, politician | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 李商隱 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 李商隐 | ||||||||||||||||||||
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| Japanese name | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Kanji | 李商隠 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Hiragana | り しょういん | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Li Shangyin (Chinese: 李商隱; pinyin: Lǐ Shāngyǐn, c. 813–858), courtesy name Yishan (Chinese: 義山), was a Chinese poet and politician of the late Tang dynasty, born in the Henei Commandery (now Qinyang, Henan). He is noted for his imagist and "no-title" (Chinese: 無題; pinyin: wútí) poetic style. Li has been frequently anthologized, and many of his poems have been translated into various languages, including several collections in English.[1][2]
Biography
[edit]Li Shangyin was born in 812 or 813 CE. The exact date is uncertain.[3] His career was rough, and he never obtained a high-ranking position, because of either factional disputes or his association with Liu Fen (劉蕡), a prominent opponent of the eunuchs.[4]
Historical background
[edit]Li lived at a time when the Tang dynasty was rapidly declining, after 200 years of prosperity.[5]
Culturally, politically, and economically, the Tang was one of the greatest periods in Chinese history. The cosmopolitan capital of Chang'an was filled with traders from the Middle East and other parts of Asia where many Asian vassal states sent envoys to pay tribute. The empire covered a vast territory, the largest yet in Chinese history. Under the reign of Emperors Gaozuyi through Taizong, Empress Wu, and Emperor Xuanzong, the Tang empire steadily grew to the height of its prosperity.[citation needed]
But after the An Lushan Rebellion, the country's political and economic structure began to disintegrate. The rebel generals fighting against the Tang court during and after the rebellion were allowed to surrender and given military governor posts, even after the rebellion's leaders were vanquished. Peace and stability over the entire area of Hebei was heavily bought by a compromise settlement. These provincial governors paid only lip service to the central government. The court, now weak and impotent, tolerated their growing independence, wary also of the aggression of the Tibetans toward the northwest who posed a constant threat to the capital.[citation needed]
During the subsequent years, military governors repeatedly challenged imperial authority with attempts to claim hereditary succession, resulting in revolts and bloodshed. Apart from this loss of control over the provincial military leaders and other problems at the frontiers, the Tang court was internally plagued by the increasingly powerful eunuchs and the fierce Niu–Li factional strife.[citation needed]
Rise of the eunuchs
[edit]The eunuchs first gained political influence as a group when Gao Lishi helped Emperor Xuanzong rise to power. Later, Li Fuguo also helped put Emperor Suzong on the throne. By gaining royal patronage, eunuchs gradually controlled personal access to the emperors and participated in the business of the central government. They also involved themselves with provincial appointments, at times even intervening with armed forces in disputes over imperial successions. By the time of Li Shangyin, the emperors had allowed the eunuchs to become fully entrenched both militarily and politically. After Xuanzong, all Tang emperors (except Jingzong) were put on the throne by the eunuchs.[citation needed]
Sweet Dew Incident
[edit]In 835 the infamous "Sweet Dew Incident" occurred during the reign of Emperor Wenzong. A palace coup, designed by Li Xun (the prime minister) and Zheng Zhu (the military governor of Fengxiang) in support of Wenzong's effort to overthrow the eunuchs, failed. The eunuchs, led by Qiu Shiliang, slaughtered the clans of many high officials and chief ministers. Many other innocent people were killed in connection with this event. The eunuchs, whose power had been growing out of control, now completely dominated the Emperor and the affairs of state.[citation needed]
Niu-Li factional strife
[edit]The Niu-Li factional strife was another destructive internal force haunting the Tang court. The Niu and Li factions were not organized political parties, but two groups of rival politicians, hostile toward each other as a result of personal animosity. The Niu faction was represented by Niu Sengru and Li Zongmin and the Li faction by Li Deyu. In the 830s the two contending factions created much turmoil in court through the reigns of Emperors Muzong, Jingzong, Wenzong, Wuzong, and Xuanzong, a period coinciding almost exactly with Li Shangyin's life.[5] According to Chen Yinke, the struggle was also due to a difference in social background between the two groups, one representing the traditional ruling class of North China and the other the newly risen class of scholar-officials who reached their positions through the civil service examinations. In any case, many intellectuals and high officials were involved in this struggle. When members of one faction were in power, people associated with the other would be demoted, or out of favor. The factional strife kept court officials from uniting against the increasing power of the eunuchs.[citation needed]
Decline of the eunuchs
[edit]The emperors, rendered completely helpless, tried to play one force against another. It was 50 years after Li Shangyin's death that the eunuchs were finally eradicated with the help of the military governors, precipitating the Tang dynasty's downfall. The 45 years of Li Shangyin's life spanned the reign of six emperors. Among them, Xianzong and Jingzong were murdered by the eunuchs. Muzong, Wuzong, and Xuanzong indulged in escapist practices; Wuzong, for example, died of an overdose of elixir drugs.[citation needed]
Poetry
[edit]Li Shangyin is well known for his poetry. In the many published editions of the poetry anthology Three Hundred Tang Poems, the number of his poems ranks below only Du Fu, Li Bai, and Wang Wei. Li's poetry is distinguished from mainstream Classical Chinese poetry by his extensive use of love as a major theme as well as the unconventional decision to leave many collected verses untitled.[6][7]
Li was a typical Late Tang poet: his works were sensuous, dense and allusive. The latter quality made adequate translation extremely difficult. The political, biographical, or philosophical implications contained in some of his poems have been a subject of debate for many centuries in China.[citation needed]
Poetic style
[edit]Li's poetry takes various Classical Chinese poetry forms. The Chinese critical tradition tends to depict Li as the Tang dynasty's last great poet.[8] The Tang dynasty ended in 907 CE and, after a period of disunity, was succeeded by the Song dynasty in 960 CE. The Song poetry style, although drawing on traditional forms, is especially noted for the development of the ci (Wade-Giles: t'zu) form, which was characterized by providing fresh lyrics to fixed-meter tunes. Li Shangyin's poetry played an important transitional role as part of this developmental process.[9][8] James J. Y. Liu, who shared the first comprehensive collection of English translations of Li's poetry,[10] described him as "one of the most ambiguous if not the most ambiguous poets."[11]
The Brocade Zither (Chin-se, 錦瑟)
[edit]Li's most famous and cryptic poem is arguably "Jin Se", or "Chin-se" (錦瑟) ("The Brocade Zither", also translated as "The Ornamented Zither"[12] or "The Exquisite Zither"[13]) (the title is taken from the first two characters of the first verse, as this is one of Li's "no title" poems) (original text and translation seen below), consisting of 56 characters and a string of images.[14][15]
James J. Y. Liu noted that there were five major interpretations of what Li intended to convey, including frustration about his career trajectory and commemoration of his deceased wife, among others.[12]
Derangements of My Contemporaries (Za Zuan, 雜纂)
[edit]Derangements of My Contemporaries (Za Zuan, 雜纂, or "random compilations") was not viewed as poetry nor prose in Li's lifetime, but some scholars considered it a precedent for The Pillow Book authored by Sei Shōnagon, and believed that it offered a peak into the Tang dynasty beyond its classic image of a cultural "golden age".[16]
Chloe Garcia Roberts translated it in 2013 with a grant from PEN America.[17][18] The volume was published in 2014 with New Directions.[19] Lucas Klein of Arizona State University, another key translator of Li's poetry,[20][21] described Roberts' work as a "small rebirth of the poetic vanguard of Chinese poetry translation" in a 2016 Los Angeles Review of Books essay titled Tribunals of Erudition and Taste: or, Why Translations of Premodern Chinese Poetry Are Having a Moment Right Now.[16]
Selected poems
[edit]The Brocade Zither (Chin-se, 錦瑟)
錦瑟無端五十弦， |
It just happens that the brocade zither has fifty strings, |
—Translated by Stephen Owen in The Late Tang: Chinese Poetry of the Mid-Ninth Century (827–860)[22]
I wonder why this splendid zither has fifty strings
Every string, every peg evokes those glorious springs
Perplexed as the sage, waking from his butterfly dream
Like the king, entrust to the cuckoo my heart evergreen
The moon bathes the teardrop pearl in the blue sea
The sun lights the radiant jade in indigo mountain
These feelings remain a cherished memory
But I was already lost at that moment
—Alternate translation by Lien W.S. and Foo C.W. in Tang Poems Revisited,[13] and as cited by Maja Lavrač of the University of Ljubljana in Li Shangyin and the Art of Poetic Ambiguity.[5]
Falling Petals (Luo-hua, 落花)
高閣客竟去， 小園花亂飛。
參差連曲陌， 迢遞送斜暉。
腸斷未忍掃， 眼穿仍欲歸。
芳心向春盡， 所得是沾衣。
Gone is the guest from the Chamber of Rank,
And petals, confused in my little garden,
Zigzagging down my crooked path,
Escort like dancers the setting sun.
Oh, how can I bear to sweep them away?
To a sad-eyed watcher they never return.
Heart's fragrance is spent with the ending of spring
And nothing left but a tear-stained robe.— Translated by Witter Bynner, in Tang Shi San Bai Shou (300 Tang Poems)[23]
Untitled (Wu-ti, 無題)
相见时难别亦难，东风无力百花残。
春蚕到死丝方尽，蜡炬成灰泪始干。
晓镜但愁云鬓改，夜吟应觉月光寒。
蓬山此去无多路，青鸟殷勤为探看。
It’s hard to be together harder yet apart
Flowers wilt in frost while memories last
Like silk exhaust until the worm depart
And candle melts like teardrops fast
Vexed with grey hair in the mirror behold
My lady moan in the moonlight cold
The paths to Mystic Hill are few
Caladrius please give my love a view.
In popular culture
[edit]In 1968, Roger Waters of the rock band Pink Floyd borrowed lines from Li's poetry to create the lyrics for the song "Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun" from the band's second album A Saucerful of Secrets.[citation needed]
More recently, Li Shangyin's poem "When Will I Be Home?" is alluded to and quoted from by the protagonist of Peter Heller's 2012 novel, The Dog Stars. The novel ends with a reprinting of the poem in full.[24]
His name is mentioned, and one of his poems is quoted, in Episode 119 of the Korean TV series 구암 허준.[citation needed]
Notes
[edit]- ^ Klein, Lucas (2016). "Pseudo-Pseudotranslation: On the Potential for Annotation in Translating Li Shangyin / 李商隱英譯本中的注釋". Journal of Oriental Studies. 49 (1): 49–72. JSTOR 44009434.
- ^ "Li Shangyin". New York Review Books. 2018-07-31. Retrieved 2023-10-30.
- ^ A. C. Graham 1977, 141
- ^ Zeng, Li (1997). "The art of allusion in Li Shangyin". hdl:1807/10916.
- ^ a b c Lavrač, Maja (December 22, 2016). "Li Shangyin and the Art of Poetic Ambiguity". Ars & Humanitas. 10 (2): 163–177. doi:10.4312/ars.10.2.163-177. Retrieved 20 September 2024.
- ^ A. C. Graham 1977, 142
- ^ A. C. Graham 1977, 145
- ^ a b David Hinton 2008, 308
- ^ A. C. Graham 1977, 141-142
- ^ Bowden, Emily Carol (31 May 2015). A Failure to Communicate: Li Shangyin's Hermetic Legacy (Thesis). hdl:1808/19187.
- ^ Schneider, Franz K (Fall 1969). "Liu, "The Poetry of Li Shang-yin: Ninth-Century Baroque Poet" (Book Review)". Western Humanities Review. 23 (4): 353. ProQuest 1291801183.
- ^ a b Liu, James J. Y. (1965). "Li Shang-Yin's Poem "The Ornamented Zither" (Chin-sê)". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 85 (2): 129–138. doi:10.2307/597983. JSTOR 597983.
- ^ a b Lien, Wen-sze, ed. (1993). Tang poems revisited: a choice selection in English (reprint ed.). Singapore: EPB Publ. ISBN 978-9971-0-0245-9.
- ^ Iovene, Paola (2007). "Why Is There a Poem in This Story? Li Shangyin's Poetry, Contemporary Chinese Literature, and the Futures of the Past". Modern Chinese Literature and Culture. 19 (2): 71–116. JSTOR 41490982.
- ^ "Li Shang-yin and the Baroque- Journal of Foreign Languages and Cultures". jflc.hunnu.edu.cn. Retrieved 2023-10-12.
- ^ a b Klein, Lucas (2016-07-14). "Tribunals of Erudition and Taste: or, Why Translations of Premodern Chinese Poetry Are Having a Moment Right Now". Los Angeles Review of Books. Retrieved 2023-10-30.
- ^ Shangyin, Li (2013-09-11). "Five Poems from Derangements of My Contemporaries". PEN America. Retrieved 2023-10-30.
- ^ Garcia Roberts, Chloe (2013-09-11). "On Translating Li Shangyin". PEN America. Retrieved 2023-10-30.
- ^ Garcia Roberts, Chloe (2014). Derangements of my contemporaries : miscellaneous notes / Li Shangyin ; translated from the Chinese by Chloe Garcia Roberts = Za zuan / Li Shangyin. New Directions. ISBN 9780811221962.
- ^ Klein, Lucas (2016-07-02). "Dislocating Language into Meaning: Difficult Anglophone Poetry and Chinese Poetics in Translation—Toward a Culturally Translatable Li Shangyin". Symposium: A Quarterly Journal in Modern Literatures. 70 (3): 133–142. doi:10.1080/00397709.2016.1207465. hdl:10722/228767. ISSN 0039-7709.
- ^ KLEIN, Lucas (2017-01-01). "Strong and Weak Interpretations in Translating Chinese Poetry". Journal of Modern Literature in Chinese 現代中文文學學報. 14 (2). ISSN 1026-5120.
- ^ Owen, Stephen (2009-03-31). The Late Tang: Chinese Poetry of the Mid-Ninth Century (827–860). Harvard East Asian Monographs. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03328-3.
- ^ Witter Bynner, 1920
- ^ "The Dog Stars Reader's Guide" (PDF). The Deschutes Public Library Foundation. Retrieved November 24, 2023.
References
[edit]- Chen, Bohai, "Li Shangyin". Encyclopedia of China (Chinese Literature Edition), 1st ed.
- Bynner, Witter Tang Shi San Bai Shou (300 Tang Poems), Alfred A. Knopf: New York, 1920.
- Graham, A. C. (1977). Poems of the Late T'ang. New York, New York: The New York Review of Books. ISBN 978-1-59017-257-5
- Hinton, David (2008). Classical Chinese Poetry: An Anthology. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. ISBN 0374105367 / ISBN 9780374105365
- Yu, Teresa Yee-Wah (1990). Li Shangyin : the poetry of allusion (Thesis). doi:10.14288/1.0100506. hdl:2429/31118.
External links
[edit]
- Poems by Li Shang-yin
- Biography, Chinese texts and translations.
- Regulated verses of Li Shangyin, with English translation, pinyin transliteration, and tonal patterns.
- Works by or about Li Shangyin at the Internet Archive
- Works by Li Shangyin at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- Books of the Quan Tangshi that include collected poems of Li Shangyin at the Chinese Text Project:
- Li Shangyin's Tang 300 poems at the University of Virginia Library
