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S4C

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This article is about the Welsh-language public broadcaster. For the UK public broadcaster, see Channel 4. For other uses, see Channel 4 (disambiguation).

Sianel Pedwar Cymru (Channel Four Wales/S4C)
S4C logo used from 10 April 2014
CountryUnited Kingdom
Broadcast areaWales[a]
HeadquartersCanolfan S4C Yr Egin, Carmarthen, Wales
Programming
Language(s)Welsh[b]
Picture format1080i/1080p HDTV[c]
(downscaled to 576i for the SDTV feed)
Ownership
OwnerS4C Authority
History
Launched1 November 1982; 42 years ago (1982-11-01)
Links
Website
Availability
Terrestrial
Freeview (Wales only)
  • Channel 4 (SD)
  • Channel 104 (HD)[d]
Streaming media
S4C ClicWatch live (UK and Ireland; with adverts)
BBC iPlayerWatch live (UK only; without adverts)

S4C (Welsh pronunciation: [ˌɛs ˌpɛdwar ˈɛk], Sianel Pedwar Cymru, meaning Channel Four Wales) is a Welsh language free-to-air public broadcast television channel. Launched on 1 November 1982, it was the first television channel to be aimed specifically at a Welsh-speaking audience. S4C's headquarters are based in Carmarthen, at the University of Wales Trinity Saint David's creative and digital centre, Yr Egin.[1] It also has regional offices in Caernarfon and Cardiff. As of 2024, S4C had an average of 118 employees.[2] S4C is the fourth-oldest terrestrial television channel in Wales after BBC One, ITV and BBC Two.

As with Channel 4 (which launched the next day in the rest of the UK), S4C commissions all of its programmes from independent producers. BBC Cymru Wales produces programmes for S4C as part of its public service remit, including the news service Newyddion. From its launch until 2010, S4C also carried English-language programming acquired from Channel 4, which could not be received over-the-air in most of Wales; these programmes aired in non-peak hours and did not always air in pattern with Channel 4's scheduling.

S4C has been described by Elin Haf Gruffydd Jones [ca] as a "trailblazer" in European broadcasting for minority languages, going on air less than two months before Euskal Telebista (31 December 1982), TV3 Catalonia (test/trial broadcast on 11 September 1983, regular programming began in 1984) and Televisión de Galicia (24 June 1985), the first Spanish regional television stations to go on air, symbolically, in non-Castillan Spanish areas, and far ahead of other Celtic-language services, Ireland's TG4 (formerly TnaG) (31 October 1996), the ill-fated Scottish Gaelic TeleG (1999–2011) and BBC Alba (19 September 2008). Unlike similar broadcasters in Spain who have multichannel offers impulsed mostly by digital terrestrial television, S4C still broadcasts on a single channel after the shutdown of S4C2.[3]

On digital terrestrial television, S4C has broadcast exclusively in Welsh since the platform's launch in 1998, with the existing bilingual schedule continuing on analogue television. After the completion of the digital switchover in Wales on 31 March 2010, Channel 4 became available on Freeview, and S4C ceased its carriage of English-language programmes. S4C offers translated, English-language subtitles for its Welsh programming. To this day, S4C remains the only Welsh-language television broadcaster in the country.

History

[edit]

Pre-launch

[edit]

Before the launch of S4C on Monday 1 November 1982, Welsh speakers had been served by occasional programmes in Welsh, broadcast as regional opt-outs on BBC Cymru Wales (on both of its channels) and HTV Cymru Wales as well as its predecessors (the Channel 3 franchise in Wales), usually at off-peak or inconvenient times. This was unsatisfactory for Welsh speakers, who saw the arrangement as a sop, and at the same time an annoyance for non-Welsh speakers, who found the English-language programmes seen in the rest of the UK often rescheduled or not transmitted at all.[4]

On 14 September 1962, the ITV network created a licence area for North and West Wales, which was awarded to Wales (West and North) Limited. This traded as Teledu Cymru and provided significant levels of Welsh-language programming. However, problems with transmission infrastructure and poor market research led to financial difficulties within two years, and after going bankrupt, the station was taken over by its neighbour Television Wales and the West.

During the 1970s, coinciding with the push for a fourth national television channel in the UK,[3] Welsh-language activists had campaigned for a television service in the language, which already had its own radio station, BBC Radio Cymru. Both the Conservative and Labour parties promised a Welsh-language fourth channel, if elected to government in the 1979 general election.[5] Shortly after the Conservatives won a majority in the election, the new Home Secretary, William Whitelaw, decided against a Welsh fourth channel, and suggested that, except for an occasional opt-out, the service should be the same as that offered in the rest of the UK. This led to acts of civil disobedience, including refusals to pay the television licence fee, thereby running the risk of prosecution or even a prison sentence, and sit-ins in BBC and HTV studios. Some took more extreme measures, including attacking television transmitters in Welsh-speaking areas. By the time of the Annan report (Noel Annan, provost of University College London from 1966 to 1978), it was suggested that the fourth channel should be given to the Open Broadcasting Authority (OBA), which wouldn't start operating until the early 1980s, with Siberry suggesting the channel to be a BBC-HTV joint venture before being handed over to the OBA. Siberry on the other hand recommended a service broadcasting content in Welsh for 25 hours a week, double the planned hours another group had suggested. The transfer of the channel to the OBA when it was operational was deemed "problematic", moving away from the concept of the creation of a Welsh-language channel and a separate Welsh Broadcasting Authority.[3] The Welsh Language Society (Cymdeithas ir Iaith) considered that "the aim of the Report seemed to be find a way ofkeeping Welsh language broadcasting within the grasp of British infrastructure".[6]

The government set up a Welsh Language Television Council, with members from the BBC, the IBA, ITV (limited to HTV Wales) and the OBA, with an OBA member acting as a chairman. This was proven to be a significant step for the campaign, creating an organisation overseeing broadcasting in Wales.[3] By 1980, when the initial plans fell, there were plans to move Welsh-language programming to BBC2 Cymru Wales. The BBC thought the idea was unviable, as its schedule was not designed to receive a consistent series of opt-out slots for regions and nations, and the only programme with a fixed starting slot started at 9pm. This meant that there was no set time to leave the opt-out programming and easily rejoin the BBC2 network. This would also lead to the loss of certain programmes, including sporting events, and a dedicated teatime children's slot would disrupt the sport output the channel had at the time, if available in the timeslot.[3]

On 17 September 1980, the former president of Plaid Cymru, Gwynfor Evans, threatened to go on hunger strike if the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher did not honour its commitment to provide a Welsh-language television service.[7] S4C started broadcasting on 1 November 1982, broadcasting around 22 hours a week of programmes, mostly during prime time with a teatime slot for children with English language programmes from Channel 4, rescheduled to fit around the Welsh programmes.[8]

Early years

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The name S4C was the first thing to be decided at a meeting held in Gregynog on 31 January and 1 February 1981. No other names were considered for the new service. By year's end, when the IBA was adapting transmitters to enable the carriage of Channel 4 and S4C, no transmitters in northern Wales were converted, meaning that the population in an area with a significantly large Welsh-speaking population was to be deprived of the new service. Some transmitters were not scheduled to be adapted until 1985 at latest.[3]

Later history

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S4C faced an annus horribilis in 2010. Future prospects for the channel were seen with little optimism, owing to the change in the DCMS funding method, with S4C receiving £100 million, attached to the Retail Price Index. In 2013, it was announced that the DCMS would cut S4C's funding by around 93%. The funding hasn't exceeded the £100 million benchmark since then, with S4C reporting £74.5 million from the license fee in the 2020–21 fiscal year, and £6.851 from the DCMS. In 2022, the DCMS stopped funding S4C, freezing license fee contributions until 2024. This was considered to be an "existential threat" to the Welsh language from Professor Richard Wyn Jones.[3]

As with other public broadcasters, S4C is facing the challenge of adapting to an increasingly mobile generation of viewers, coupled with competition from streaming services.[3]

Relocation

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S4C offices
S4C headquarters in Carmarthen on the campus of the University of Wales Trinity Saint Davids
Cardiff office within the BBC Cymru Wales New Broadcasting House in Central Square
Caernarfon office (top right) in Doc Fictoria (Victoria Dock)

In September 2013, S4C began a study into the possible relocation of its headquarters.[9] S4C's former headquarters, which opened in 1991, were located at Parc Ty Glas Industrial Estate, Llanishen, following a move from Cathedral Road and Sophia Close in Pontcanna, Cardiff. In January 2013, a new multi-use media centre was opened on its Llanishen site. In March 2014, it was announced that Carmarthen was the winner with a bid led by the University of Wales Trinity Saint David (UWTSD). The university owns the land where the Canolfan S4C Yr Egin (S4C Yr Egin Centre) would be built. The building would also be home to other companies in the creative industries.[10] There was a strong bid for relocation to Caernarfon, where the channel had a pre-existing office, but there was disappointment when that the bid was unsuccessful.[11][12] In 2016, it was revealed that S4C was paying £3 million upfront rent to UWTSD, and that it would pay rent over the next 20 years. Concern was expressed about the arrangement and the lack of transparency around commercial payments between two publicly funded bodies. UWTSD applied for funding for the building work and received £3m from the Welsh Government and a further £3m from the Swansea Bay city deal.[13]

Former S4C headquarters in Cardiff
Former S4C headquarters in 32 Cathedral Road, Pontcanna[14]
Former S4C headquarters in Parc Ty Glas Industrial Estate, Llanishen

In June 2018, it was revealed that more staff would be leaving the channel than moving to work in Carmarthen. S4C started relocating to the new building from September 2018, and 54 jobs moved to the new HQ. An office in Cardiff was retained for technical purposes until full changeover to the new BBC Wales Headquarters, with 70 staff there. A significant percentage of the technical posts were to transfer to the BBC.[15] In September 2018, S4C committed to ten years of lease on its Caernarfon office at Doc Fictoria (Victoria Dock), which has 12 full-time staff,[16] and was opened in 2008. In January 2021 S4C's Presentation, Library, Promotion and Commercial departments moved to BBC Wales headquarters in Central Square, Cardiff. The first programmes were broadcast from there on 27 January 2021, beginning with the channel's children's service, Cyw, at 6:00 a.m. Liz Scourfield's first live presentation aired later that morning, before the news bulletin at 12:00.[17][18]

Programming

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S4C's remit is to provide a service which features a wide range of programmes in the Welsh language. Like Channel 4, S4C does not produce programmes of its own; instead, it commissions programmes from BBC Cymru Wales and independent producers[19] (although the quantity purchased from ITV Cymru Wales has greatly reduced since the early years of S4C), and it has particularly developed a reputation for commissioning children's animation, such as SuperTed, Rocky Hollow, Fireman Sam (also broadcast by the BBC), The Blobs (also broadcast by Scottish Television), Wil Cwac Cwac (shown on ITV), Gogs, Shakespeare: The Animated Tales, Animated Tales of the World and the 1992–1996 French co-production Natalie. They also aired dubbed versions of shows like The Smurfs.

BBC Cymru Wales fulfils its public service requirement by producing programmes in Welsh, including Newyddion, S4C's news bulletin, and a soap opera, Pobol y Cwm, and providing them to S4C free of charge. It has also provided (or licensed) Welsh-language versions of English-language programmes, such as the original Teletubbies. On the analogue service, S4C showed programmes produced for Channel 4 in the rest of the United Kingdom – either simultaneously or time-shifted – outside of peak hours. These programmes were provided to S4C by Channel 4, free of charge.[20]

To make content more accessible to English speakers, all Welsh-language programming carries English subtitles. Originally these were on Sbectel teletext page 888, with Welsh subtitles on page 889, with both subtitle languages now also available on digital television platforms. For speakers of English who are learning Welsh, certain programmes, particularly children's programmes Planed Plant Bach (now Cyw) and Planed Plant (now Stwnsh), carry subtitles featuring Welsh subtitles with additional English translations in brackets next to more difficult Welsh-language words. TV films produced for S4C have received some good foreign reviews; Hedd Wyn was nominated for the Best Foreign Language Oscar in 1994[21] and Solomon & Gaenor was nominated in 2000.[22]

The S4C analogue signal also spilled over on to the east coast of Ireland. In the past it was rebroadcast in a number of areas there on UHF terrestrial signals by so-called 'deflectors'. Up until the 1990s, S4C was also carried by some Irish cable and MMDS providers before being replaced by Channel 4.[23] The S4C channels continue to be available in the Republic of Ireland via the Freesat satellite service.

Up until 2009, S4C ran its own teletext service, Sbectel ("Sbec", Welsh for "a peek" or "a glimpse", and a reference to an S4C schedule insert formerly included in the TVTimes issues for the HTV Wales region). In 2010 when the analogue signal for S4C was switched off all Channel 4 progammes stopped broadcasting on the channel and were replaced by its own programmes and some from the BBC Cymru Wales catalogue.

Viewing figures

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6.3 million people throughout the UK watched S4C on television at some time during 2022–2023. The number of people who watched S4C on TV every week throughout the UK decreased from 602,000 in 2021–2022 to 509,000 in 2022–2023.[24] On an average week in 2022–2023, approximately 324,000 people in Wales watched S4C on TV – 8% higher than in 2021–2022 and the highest for five years. 150,000 Welsh speakers in Wales watched S4C on television each week during this period, which was 14% higher than in 2021–2022 and also the highest for five years. 20,600 was the average TV audience in the peak hours during 2022–2023.

The BARB rolling four-week viewing figures for January 2022 were 0.05% across the UK. If scaled up for Wales alone, this would be just a 1.0% audience share.[25]

Viewing sessions of S4C content on S4C Clic and BBC iPlayer increased from 11.0 million in 2020–2021 to 11.3 million in 2021–2022. There were also 209 million impressions of S4C content on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram within that period.

The programme that enjoyed the channel's highest viewing figures in 2022-2023 was Sgorio's coverage of Wales' UEFA Nations League match against Belgium in September 2022, which drew 456,000 viewers.[24]

Digital channels

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When digital terrestrial television launched in 1998, S4C added a second, full-time Welsh-language channel called S4C Digidol ('digital') on 1 November 1998. Following the switch-off of analogue terrestrial signals on 31 March 2010, Wales became the first fully digital region in the UK, with both S4C and Channel 4 becoming available to all homes.[26] As a result, S4C now broadcasts solely in the Welsh language and, as well as on Freeview in Wales, is available throughout Britain, Ireland and the rest of western Europe on Freesat and Sky. A review commissioned by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport in 2004 suggested that "S4C should operate a single core service after digital switchover".[27]

Logo of S4C Dau 2007–2010

In addition, S4C also operated a sister channel, S4C2 (S4C Dau) until 2010. It formerly broadcast coverage of the National Assembly for Wales when in session. The programme content was provided by the BBC who, from January 2010, now make it available online and via BBC Parliament. Like the main channel, S4C2 was available within Wales on Freeview and throughout the UK and Ireland on Freesat and Sky. S4C2 had two audio feeds, allowing viewers to select between an untranslated version and an English-only version where all Welsh spoken is translated into English. Delayed coverage of Assembly proceedings is now broadcast overnight on S4C's main channel on Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays. In addition to the analogue TV signal transmitted throughout Wales, S4C, along with United News & Media, owned the company S4C Digital Networks (SDN). SDN was awarded the UK-wide contract to provide half a digital multiplex worth of programming. The other half continues to belong to the broadcaster Channel 5.[citation needed]

On 27 April 2005, S4C sold its share of SDN to ITV plc for approximately £34 million, though it still has the half-multiplex as of right in Wales. ITV already owned some of SDN due to the consolidation of the ITV industry: Granada bought UNM's stake in SDN, and this was then incorporated into the united ITV plc. In January 2007, S4C announced plans to launch a Welsh-language children's service.[28] The new service, in the form of a programming block, launched on 23 June 2008. Under the name Cyw (chick), it brings together a wide range of programmes for nursery-age children, and S4C plans eventually to extend the service to include the Stwnsh strand for older children and a third service for teenagers and young people. The service currently airs on weekdays from 7 am to 1.30 pm on S4C.

S4C launched a high-definition simulcast of S4C called 'Clirlun' on 19 July 2010 to coincide with terrestrial digital switchover in Wales.[29] Clirlun was broadcast on Freeview channel 53 only, and not via other platforms.[30][31] However, following funding cuts and a review of core services it was announced on 11 July 2012 that Clirlun would close before the end of the year.[32][33] Clirlun closed at midnight on the evening of 1 December 2012, with Channel 4 HD taking over its transmission capacity with effect from the next day, 2 December 2012.[34]

It was announced on 20 May 2016 that S4C would relaunch a high definition service S4C HD on Freesat and Sky in Wales and across the UK from 7 June onwards.[35] Following the 2016 relaunch of S4C HD, the channel returned to Freeview in HD from 7pm on Wednesday 19 January 2022.[36] It will broadcast for peak viewing hours only, from 7pm on weekday evenings and from 2pm on weekends, sharing capacity with the HD version of the BBC's children's service CBBC.

In December 2014, S4C became available on the BBC iPlayer website, both live and on demand, initially as part of an 18-month trial.[37]

Presentation

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1982–1987

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S4C's first logo, used from 1 November 1982 to 24 May 1987

S4C launched on 1 November 1982 (the day before Channel 4 started in England, Scotland, and Northern Ireland), its on-air appearance has always been a representation of Welsh society and people, but this representation has changed several times. Initial idents featured clips from the natural landscapes of Wales with a basic logo animation and a synthesizer fanfare, with the logo forming as WALES4CYMRU.[38] The logo was designed by Martin Lambie-Nairn, who also designed Channel 4's logo.[3]

1987–1993

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S4C's second logo, used from 25 May 1987 to 9 February 1995

On 25 May 1987, the ident changed to a computer-generated ident featuring an animation of the streamlined S4C logo and the colours of the logo was blue, green, and red. The font used for this logo was a modified Bodoni MT. The new identity improved the channel's corporate image, removing the complex WALES4CYMRU branding.[3] On 7 September 1990, the new ident was introduced, depicting a piece of Welsh slate with colours blue, green, and red washing over the letters S4C until 31 May 1993.

1993–2007

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S4C's third logo, used from June 1995 to 17 January 2007

On 1 June 1993, S4C introduced a new series of idents, which depicted inanimate objects as having characteristics of dragons (such as flight or breathing fire), as a reference to the red dragon on the flag of Wales. In June 1995, the channel introduced a new logo (in the Futura typeface) replaces the original serif logo, featuring a tilde representing a dragon with a flame next to the "C" as if were breathing fire. The addition of such a symbol would reflect "Welsh heritage and culture" and that the flame was "cheap to reproduce". The symbol worked both in red and black and white settings, something the previous logo didn't.[39] The idents were designed, created, and directed by Charlotte Castle, Brian Eley, and Martin Lambie-Nairn.

2007–2014

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S4C's fourth logo, used from 18 January 2007 to 9 April 2014

On 18 January 2007, S4C announced that their digital channels would be refreshed with a new corporate logo and brand. The new branding was implemented online on 17 January, with S4C's television channels adopting it the next day. The new branding, developed by the London-based firm Proud Creative, was intended to portray S4C as a more "contemporary" multi-platform broadcaster, and downplayed "traditional" Welsh imagery such as dragons. Its idents were filmed around various parts of the country, and themed around magnetism—representing the "uncontrollable attraction" of Welsh people and their "emotional affinity to the homeland, whether near or far".[40][41] The magnetism-themed idents were later accompanied by a new set developed in collaboration with the agency Minivegas, consisting of live-action scenes with dynamic, animated elements that can react to the voice of the continuity announcer.[42]

2014–present

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A new S4C logo and brand developed by Sugar Creative was introduced on 10 April 2014; the new design was developed around the concept of providing "context" to S4C's target audience and programming. The design revolves heavily around a trapezium shape used within the channel's new logo, which is prominently used within aspects of the channel's overall marketing and branding.[43]

Criticisms

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S4C has faced criticism for poor viewing figures since its launch.[44] Leaked internal reports in March 2010 showed that 'over the 20-day period from 15 February to last Saturday, 6 March, as many as 196 of the 890 programmes put out by S4C were rated as having zero viewers'. The story was widely reported across the UK and was referenced in Parliament by the then Culture Secretary, Jeremy Hunt.[45] In response, an S4C spokesperson stated that 90% of those programmes were aimed at pre-school children, and that BARB (the organisation that compiles television ratings in the UK) only takes into account viewers aged four years and over. The remaining 10% consisted of repeats and daytime news bulletins which did not attract the minimum 1,000 viewers necessary to register on a UK-wide analysis.[46]

On 28 July 2010, S4C's chief executive, Iona Jones, left her post without explanation. Assembly members and Members of Parliament requested an independent investigation into the circumstances leading up to her departure. The S4C Authority refused to comment further and commissioned a review into how the broadcaster was governed in August 2010.[47] On 3 February 2011, it was announced that issues between Iona Jones and S4C had been settled.[48] Eight days later, the Shortridge Report on corporate governance was made public.[49]

Chief Executives

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Funding and regulation

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From its inception, S4C was in part publicly financed: funding came both from its advertising revenue and a fixed annual grant from the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS), receiving £102m in 2010 and then £90m in 2011 after the Conservative Party won the general elections in 2010[54] which consequently made considerable cuts to its funding.[55][56] Additionally, some Welsh-language programming (including Newyddion and Pobol y Cwm) was produced by BBC Wales as part of the BBC's public service remit, and provided to S4C free of charge. There is an agreement in place until 2022 for 10 hours a week of programming to be provided to S4C, which is valued at £19.4m annually.

From 2013, responsibility for funding S4C began to transfer to the BBC, with the DCMS reducing its funding by 94% by 2015.[57] The BBC was to provide around £76m of funding to S4C by this date, resulting in a cut of around 25% to S4C's annual budget.[58] In 2016, it was agreed that the BBC would provide £74.5m a year funding to S4C from the licence fee until 2022.[59] The UK government announced in 2018 that it would continue providing £6.72m until 2020, with the aim of S4C being funded wholly from the licence fee from 2022.[60] This would see S4C's funding being decided as part of the licence fee settlement, for 10-year periods.[61]

Prior to 2011, S4C received ~£102m (which would be an estimate of ~£122.8m in January 2022 after inflation), with the new allocated funds of 2022 (which is £82m), the loss in 2022 alone compared with 2010 is estimated to be ~£40.8m and an overall loss of ~£450m between 2011 and 2022.

In addition to public funding, S4C generates around 2% of its income through commercial sources, such as advertising.[62]

S4C is controlled by the S4C Authority (Awdurdod S4C), an independent body unconnected to Ofcom. Ofcom are the regulator for S4C's content, as they are with other UK television channels such as ITV and Channel 4.[63]

Program Distribution

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S4C's self-owned programmes are distributed internationally through S4C International (S4C Rhyngwladol CYF).[64]

S4C formerly owned a selection of animated programmes, but on 2 October 2017, Hoho Entertainment acquired the broadcaster's animation back catalogue.[65]

Catch-up service

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Screenshot of S4C's catch-up service, Clic

S4C maintains its own catch-up service called Clic. Clic is a free online video on demand service[66] which offers live-streaming, signed programming, a 35-day catch-up service, and archive programming. Clic is available across the UK but also contains a limited selection of worldwide programming. Clic's catch-up service is split into seven categories: Drama, Entertainment, Factual and Arts, Music, Sport, and two Children's categories, Cyw (ages 3–6) and Stwnsh (ages 7–13). A Clic app was released for Apple's iOS devices on 18 August 2011.[67]

In late 2014, S4C's programmes and live-streaming also became available to view on the BBC's catch-up service, BBC iPlayer. It contains no ads, ads are replaced by a static screen saying 'progammes will countine after the break'.[68] Both services offer English and Welsh subtitles to some shows.

There were 8.2 million viewing sessions to S4C content on Clic and BBC iPlayer in 2017–2018.[69] This was an increase of 600,000 from the 7.6 million viewing sessions on those platforms in 2016–2017.[70] In the 2020–2021 period, the viewing session number increased to 11 million.[71] Viewing figures on Clic and iPlayer was at an all-time high in 2022–23. 596,000 hours of S4C content was viewed on Clic during that year. A further 2,680,000 hours of content was viewed on the iPlayer.[24]

See also

[edit]

Notes

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  1. ^ Wales only on Freeview, available via satellite, cable and online for rest of the United Kingdom
  2. ^ English-language audio and English-language subtitles available on some programmes
  3. ^ 1080p25 sometimes on Freeview only.
  4. ^ Weekday evenings and weekend afternoons/evenings

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "S4C's new £6m home officially opens". BBC News. 26 October 2018. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
  2. ^ "S4C: Mwy yn gwylio yng Nghymru, ond cwymp ar draws y DU". BBC Cymru Fyw (in Welsh). 12 July 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Elain Price. Broadcasting for Wales: The Early Years of S4C Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2022.
  4. ^ "Welshing on TV". The Economist. 28 June 1980. p. 75.
  5. ^ Hancock, Dafydd. "A channel for Wales". EMC Seefour. Transdiffusion Broadcasting System. Archived from the original on 4 March 2009.
  6. ^ Teledu Cymru y Bobl Cymru pamphlet, Cymdeithas ir Iaith/Welsh Language Society
  7. ^ "Gwynfor Evans at 90". BBC News. 1 September 2002.
  8. ^ "S4C: Birthplace of SuperTed and Fireman Sam turns 40". BBC News. 1 November 2022.
  9. ^ "S4C considers moving HQ from Cardiff to Carmarthen or Gwynedd". BBC News. 20 September 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
  10. ^ "Press | S4C". www.s4c.cymru. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  11. ^ "S4C headquarters 'should be in Caernarfon not Carmarthen'". BBC News. 25 November 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  12. ^ "Carmarthen HQ plan for broadcaster". BBC News. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  13. ^ Barry, Sion (1 March 2017). "Welsh Government confirms £3m funding for Yr Egin creative industries hub". WalesOnline. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  14. ^ "Former HQ of Welsh language channel S4C being turned into apartments". BusinessLive (Reach). 1 October 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
  15. ^ "More S4C staff leave than fully commit to move to new HQ". BBC News. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  16. ^ "Press | S4C". www.s4c.cymru. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  17. ^ "Press | S4C". www.s4c.cymru. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  18. ^ Gareth Joy [@lookoutwales2] (27 January 2021). "Liz Scourfield yn cyhoeddi o gartref newydd Cyflwyniad S4C yn y BBC yn Sgwâr Canolog. Liz Scourfield announcing fo…" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  19. ^ Green, Miranda (1995). "Language and Identity in Modern Wales". The Celtic World. Routledge. p. 800. ISBN 978-0-415-05764-6.
  20. ^ Catterall, Peter (1999). The Making of Channel 4. Routledge. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-7146-4926-9.
  21. ^ "The 66th Academy Awards 1994". oscars.org. Los Angeles, California: Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. 4 October 2014. Retrieved 27 August 2016.
  22. ^ "The 72nd Academy Awards 2000". oscars.org. Los Angeles, California: Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. 22 April 2015. Retrieved 27 August 2016.
  23. ^ "Ask Comreg - Pay TV".
  24. ^ a b c "Performance Review and Future Priorities". S4C - Annual Report. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  25. ^ "Weekly viewing summary (from Jan 2020) | BARB".
  26. ^ Michael Lench (31 March 2010). "S4C Holds a Special Position in the TV Advertising Market". Western Mail. Cardiff, Wales. Retrieved 24 October 2023 – via TheFreeLibrary.
  27. ^ Laughton, Roger (July 2004). "S4C:An Independent Review" (PDF). Department for Culture, Media and Sport: 32. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 October 2005. Retrieved 29 January 2009. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  28. ^ "S4C unveils kids' channel and rebrand". Broadcast Now. 20 January 2007. Archived from the original on 19 April 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2007.
  29. ^ "S4C Press Release: S4C Clirlun now available throughout Wales". S4C. 19 July 2010.
  30. ^ "Clirlun". S4C. Archived from the original on 5 April 2010. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
  31. ^ "S4C launches new High Definition channel - Clirlun". S4C. 29 March 2010.
  32. ^ "S4C Press Release: S4C efficiency measures on course to meet targets". S4C. 11 July 2012.
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