Zylon
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| IUPAC name
poly(p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole)[1]
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| Identifiers | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Zylon (IUPAC name: poly(p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole)) is a trademarked name for a range of thermoset liquid-crystalline polyoxazole. This synthetic polymer material was invented and developed by SRI International in the 1980s and manufactured by Toyobo.[2] In generic usage, the fiber is referred to as PBO.[3]
Zylon has 5.8 GPa of tensile strength,[4] which is 1.6 times that of Kevlar. Additionally, Zylon has a high Young's modulus of 270 GPa, meaning that it is stiffer than steel. Like Kevlar, Zylon is used in a number of applications that require very high strength with excellent thermal stability. Tennis racquets, ping pong paddles, snowboards, various medical applications, and some of the Martian rovers are some of the better-known instances.
Usage
[edit]Body armor
[edit]Zylon gained wide use in U.S. police officers body armor protection in 1998 with its introduction by Second Chance Body Armor, Inc. in its "Ultima" and "Ultimax" protective vests. Protective vests constructed with Zylon were questioned in late 2003 when Oceanside, CA Police Officer Tony Zeppetella's and Forest Hills, PA Police Officer Ed Limbacher's vests both failed, leaving Zeppetella mortally wounded and Limbacher seriously injured. Some studies subsequently reported that the Zylon vests might degrade over time[5] and leave their wearers with less protection than expected. Second Chance eventually recalled all of its Zylon vests, which led to its bankruptcy. In early 2005, Armor Holdings, Inc. recalled its Zylon-based products, and decreased the rated lifespan warranty of new vests from 60 months to 30 months.[6] In August 2005, AHI decided to discontinue manufacturing all of its Zylon-containing vests. This was largely based on the actions of the U.S. government's National Institute of Justice, which decertified Zylon for use in its approved models of ballistic vests for law enforcement.[7]
The United States Justice Department launched numerous investigations into possible violations of the False Claims Act regarding the defective vests. Throughout the course of litigation, settlements totaling more than $136 million were reached with 18 entities involved in the production and sale of Zylon vests. The investigations concluded after nearly two decades when the final settlement was obtained with material supplier Honeywell International in late 2022.[8]
Space elevator research
[edit]A competition was held in the Wirefly X Prize Cup in Las Cruces, New Mexico, US, on October 20–21, 2006. A team from the University of British Columbia entered into the Tether Challenge, using a construction made from Zylon fibers. The house tether used by Spaceward, that the other teams would have to beat in strength by 50% in the 2007 Spaceward games,[9] was made of Zylon.
High-altitude balloon science
[edit]Zylon is used by NASA in long-duration, high-altitude data collection. Braided Zylon strands maintain the structure of polyethylene superpressure balloons. Zylon is the material of choice due to its low weight, high tensile strength, and thermal properties.[10]
Motorsport
[edit]Since 2001 Zylon tethers are used in Formula One to attach the wheels to the chassis, thus preventing the wheel from ejecting into a crowded area in the event of an accident which causes the wheel to become airborne. Starting in the 2007 season, the driver's cockpit must now be clad in special anti-penetration panels made of Zylon.[11] In 2011, a Zylon strip was introduced to reinforce the top of the racing helmet visor[12] and provide an overlap between the visor and helmet for additional protection after Felipe Massa's 2009 injury. The Indy Racing League began using Zylon in 2008.[13]
Standing rigging
[edit]On modern racing yachts, Zylon is used for parts of the standing rigging. It is used as shrouds and stays. The PBO (polybenzoxazole) fiber is degraded by UV light, seawater, and chafing (the problem that caused Zylon to be removed from usage in protective vests for police usage, as shown above), and is therefore protected by a synthetic melted-on jacket. It is claimed to be 65% lighter than traditional rigging at 110–130% of the price of rod rigging.[14] Based on laboratory tests, superior durability is also claimed.
Parachutes
[edit]SpaceX uses Zylon for the suspension lines on their Mk3 parachutes. Four Mk3 parachutes serve as the main parachutes on each of SpaceX's human-rated Crew Dragon spacecraft.[15]
Conductive textile
[edit]Zylon has been incorporated as the base fiber for some conductive textiles, where the Zylon fiber is plated with nickel, copper, silver, or gold. The conductive fiber is used for electronic textiles, EMI shielding in woven or knit sheets, or as a braid over wires, and for signal transmission or current conduction. This conductive fiber combines the advantages of Zylon (strength, resistance to high temperatures, durability, lightweight, etc.) with the electrical properties of various metals. The conductive yarns can be sewn, braided, knit, or simply insulated like a bare wire.[16]
Structural rehabilitation
[edit]PBO is the strongest and stiffest of commercially available fibers used to repair and strengthen concrete and masonry structures in externally bonded composite systems.[17] In this system, the fibers are produced in the form of a fabric mesh, and a cementitious mortar matrix bonds this to an existing structure.
Loudspeakers
[edit]Yamaha uses Zylon to make the speaker cones for its top-of-the-line NS-5000 speaker.[18]
Bicycle & wheelchair wheel spokes
[edit]Spinergy, Inc. produces wheels for bicycles and wheelchairs with PBO spokes. They claim their PBO fiber spokes act as a vibration and shock damper, while being lighter and stronger than steel spokes.[19]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Compendium of Polymer Terminology and Nomenclature - IUPAC Recommendations 2008 (PDF). Retrieved 2018-08-28.
- ^ Nielson, Donald (2006). A Heritage of Innovation: SRI's First Half Century. Menlo Park, California: SRI International. pp. 11–7–11–10. ISBN 978-0974520810.
- ^ Abegaz, Adane Z. (2013-12-18). Advanced Fiber Reinforced Composites as Confining Systems for RC Columns (Thesis). University of Miami Scholarly Repository. p. 7.
- ^ Toyobo Co., Ltd. "Zylon® (PBO fiber)" (free download PDF) (Technical Information).
- ^ "Zylon". Policeone.com. Retrieved 2014-03-20.
- ^ "New Jersey News". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2022-06-02.
- ^ "NIJ Journal Issue No. 254: Body Armor Safety Initiative".
- ^ "Honeywell to Pay $3.35 Million for Alleged False Claims for Zylon Bullet Proof Vests". 26 October 2022.
- ^ Little, Brian (2007-10-19). "Spaceward Games 2007 | GeekDad". Wired. Wired.com. Retrieved 2014-03-20.
- ^ Said, M.A.; Dingwall, Brenda; Gupta, A.; Seyam, A.M.; Mock, G.; Theyson, T. (December 2006). "Investigation of ultra violet (UV) resistance for high strength fibers". Advances in Space Research. 37 (11). Elsevier Ltd.: 2052–2058. Bibcode:2006AdSpR..37.2052S. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.04.098.
- ^ Formula One press release. "FIA Rules & Regulations Sporting Regulations 2007". Archived from the original on 2007-01-26. Retrieved 2007-01-29.
- ^ "Super Visor - Formula One helmets become even safer". Formula1.com. 2011-03-30. Archived from the original on 2013-08-25. Retrieved 2011-03-30.
- ^ "Indy-Car Upgrades Planned For 2008, '09". AutoWeek.com. 2007-09-07. Retrieved 2007-09-17.
- ^ "powerliterigging.com". powerliterigging.com. Retrieved 2014-03-20.
- ^ "Elon Musk and NASA chief give an update on SpaceX's astronaut spacecraft". YouTube. 2019-10-10. Archived from the original on 2021-12-12.
- ^ "Metal Clad Fiber - AmberStrand® Fiber". metalcladfibers.com. Retrieved 2017-06-15.
- ^ Tumialan, Gustavo; De Luca, Antonio (Sep 2014). "FRCM Systems". Structure Magazine.
- ^ "NS-5000 Technology". yamaha.com. Retrieved 2022-03-10.
- ^ "Spinergy PBO spokes". spinergy.com. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
