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Rail transport in Belgium

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Belgium
IR train in Noorderkempen Station
Operation
National railwayNMBS/SNCB
Infrastructure companyInfrabel
Major operatorsThalys, Eurostar, SNCF, DB (passengers), Lineas, Crossrail, DB Cargo Belgium, SNCF Fret (freight)
Statistics
Ridership244.6 million per year (2023)[1]
Passenger km10.441 billion per year (2023)[1]
Freight53.5 million tonnes per year (2023)[2]
System length
Total3,733 kilometres (2,320 mi) (2022)[3]
Double track2,934 kilometres (1,823 mi) (2023)[4]
Electrified3,286 kilometres (2,042 mi) (2022)[3]
Track gauge
Main1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)
High-speed1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)
Electrification
3000 V DCMain network
25 kV ACHigh-speed lines and recent electrification
Features
No. stations555 (2023)[1]

Belgium has an extensive rail network. It is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for Belgium is 88.

History

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Main article: History of rail transport in Belgium

On May 5, 1835, the first railway in continental Europe opened between Brussels-Groendreef/Allée verte and Mechelen. Some sort of railroad or canal had been envisaged as early as 1830. The feasibility of a railroad was investigated by engineers Pierre Simons and Gustave De Ridder. The first trains were Stephenson engines imported from Great Britain. The engines were called Pijl meaning Arrow, Olifant meaning Elephant, and 'Stephenson' (named after its designer). They pulled bench-cars and diligences. On the return from Mechelen, the Olifant pulled all 30 cars. By 1840, Ghent, Bruges, Ostend, Antwerp, Mechelen, Brussels and Leuven were connected. The lines that had to reach Liège, Mons and Kortrijk were partially completed. In 1843, when the major north-south/east-west axes were complete, private companies were allowed to construct and use their own rail systems. These were crucial in the industrialisation of the country.

In 1870, the Belgian state owned 863 kilometres (536 mi) of rail lines, while the private enterprises owned 2,231 kilometres (1,386 mi). From 1870 to 1882, the railways were gradually nationalised. In 1912, 5,000 kilometres (3,100 mi) were state property compared to 300 kilometres (190 mi) private lines. Full nationalisation was considered at the time but was not enacted until 1926, when the SNCB was started. It was named the SNCB (Société nationale des Chemins de Fer belges) or NMBS (Nationale Maatschappij der Belgische Spoorwegen), named in a similar way to the French rail network, SNCF, which was founded 12 years later. In 1958 the network was fully state-owned. On 5 May 1935 the SNCB started with electrification on the line Brussels-North to Antwerp-Central, 44 kilometres (27 mi).

Infrastructure

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In 2003, the network constituted 3,518 kilometres (2,186 mi) of railways, all of which were standard gauge: 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in). Of all of those railways, 2,631 kilometres (1,635 mi) were also electrified. Most electrified Belgian lines use a 3 kV DC overhead power supply, but the high speed-lines are electrified at 25 kV AC, as are recent electrifications in the south of the country (Rivage - Gouvy and Dinant - Athus lines).

Trains in Belgium normally run on the left hand track.[5] This is in contrast to road vehicles, which drive on the right hand side of the road and is evidence of the British involvement in building the rail network in the 19th century.

The railway network is controlled and maintained by Infrabel.

Policy

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Belgium operates a policy of cheap rail travel.[citation needed] Citizens in Belgium, especially students and older citizens, are offered incentives and cheaper fares in order to alleviate congestion on the nation's roads. Public sector employees are entitled to a free or heavily subsidised season ticket for commuting by rail. Many private sector employers will make a contribution to the cost of a season ticket. Smoking is prohibited in all railway stations, and all tracks since January 2023 (enclosed and outside too[6]), and passenger cars.

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  • All adjacent countries use the same 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) gauge.
  • Netherlands - different voltage 3 kV DC/1500 V DC. The change of voltage occurs south of Roosendaal, and between the Dutch stations of Eijsden and Maastricht Randwijck; monovoltage 3 kV Belgian trains proceed under reduced power to the first large station past the border (Roosendaal or Maastricht). Border crossings are at:
    • Essen, Visé (Wezet)
    • Meer (high speed line, 25 kV 50 Hz)
    • Hamont, Lanaken and Zelzate (all three: not electrified, freight only; line 20 Lanaken – Maastricht is "temporarily out of service" from Lanaken to the border, and not connected to the rest of the Belgian net.)
    • Eisden (planned, opening scheduled between 2012 and 2017)
    • Achel (closed, reopening scheduled between 2012 and 2017)
    • Sint-Gillis-Waas (closed), Turnhout (closed)
  • Germany - different voltage 3 kV DC/15 kV AC. The change of voltage occurs in Aachen station where there is a switchable track so that 3 kV monovoltage trains can reach Aachen. Change of voltage also on the Moresnet viaduct on the freight only line Visé - Montzen - Aachen West. Border crossings are at:
    • Welkenraedt
    • Kelmis-Hergenrath (includes high speed traffic on the upgraded line)
    • Losheimergraben (dismounted), Raeren (dismounted), Gemmenich (freight only, voltage change between goods stations Montzen(B) and Gemmenich(D), several kilometers inside the Belgian side of the border).
    • Steinebrück (closed),
  • Luxembourg - different voltage 3 kV DC/25 kV AC. All Belgian lines going to the grand-duchy of Luxembourg use 25 kV 50 Hz long before the border so there is no voltage change.[7] Border crossings are at:
  • France - different voltage 3 kV DC/25 kV AC. The change of voltage occurs at the border, except for the high-speed line which is 25 kV throughout and as mentioned below. Border crossings are at:
    • Mouscron(B) (Moeskroen) – Tourcoing(F)
    • Tournai(B) – Froyennes(B) – Blandain(F) (voltage change long before the border, at the switch "Y Froyennes" from line 75A Tournai – Mouscron)
    • Quiévrain (dismounted)
    • Quévy(B) – Feignies(F)
    • Erquelinnes(B) – Jeumont(F)
    • Aubange(B) – Mont-Saint-Martin(F) (Belgian line is on 50 kV AC long before the border, no voltage change)
    • high speed line at Esplechin
    • Adinkerke to Dunkirk track in situ, line closed to passengers and freight
    • Momignies the track has been taken off in favor of a cycle track[8]
    • Heer-Agimont (line from Dinant to Givet): track in situ, line closed to passengers and freight. Part of the line from Dinant used to be the site of a tourists' steam train, but no more in exploitation.
    • Menen, Comines-Warneton, Leupegem, Antoing, Péruwelz, Dour, Doische (closed)
  • United Kingdom - using HSL 1, LGV Nord, the Channel Tunnel and the High Speed 1/Channel Tunnel Rail Link is 25 kV AC. All rail transport between Belgium and the UK transits through France.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c "Activiteiten- en duurzaamheidsverslag 2023" (in Dutch). NMBS. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  2. ^ "Goederenvervoer per spoor in België op laagste peil in zeven jaar" (in Dutch). Flows. March 13, 2024. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  3. ^ a b "Geëlektrificeerd deel van het netwerk" (in Dutch). Infrabel. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  4. ^ "Kilometers spoorlijnen per type lijnen" (in Dutch). Infrabel. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  5. ^ "interoperability - maps and facts on European interoperability issues". www.bueker.net. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
  6. ^ "Des quais 100% non-fumeurs". belgiantrain.be.
  7. ^ "OpenRailwayMap". www.openrailwaymap.org. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
  8. ^ "Ligne 156B : Chimay - Momignies". cheminsdurail.be. Archived from the original on 2017-02-03. Retrieved 2015-07-20.

Further reading

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Media related to Rail transport in Belgium at Wikimedia Commons

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