Toronto
Toronto | |
|---|---|
| City of Toronto | |
 Logo | |
| Etymology: From the Mohawk word tkaronto, the name of a channel between Lakes Simcoe and Couchiching | |
| Nicknames: | |
| Motto: | |
OpenStreetMap  | |
  Toronto Location of Toronto in Ontario | |
| Coordinates: 43°44′30″N 79°22′24″W / 43.74167°N 79.37333°W[4] | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Ontario |
| Region | Southern Ontario |
| Established | August 27, 1793 (as York) |
| Incorporated | March 6, 1834 (as City of Toronto) |
| Amalgamated into division | January 20, 1953 (as Metropolitan Toronto) |
| Amalgamated | January 1, 1998 (as current City of Toronto) |
| Communities | |
| Government | |
| • Type | Single-tier municipality with a mayor–council system |
| • Body | Toronto City Council |
| • Mayor | Olivia Chow |
| • Statutory Deputy Mayor | Ausma Malik |
| Area | |
| • City | 630.20 km2 (243.32 sq mi) |
| • Urban | 1,792.99 km2 (692.28 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 5,905.71 km2 (2,280.21 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 76.5 m (251.0 ft) |
| Population | |
| • City | 2,794,356 (1st) |
| • Rank | 4th in North America 1st in Canada |
| • Density | 4,427.8/km2 (11,468/sq mi) |
| • Metro | 6,202,225 (1st) |
| • Region | 9,765,188 |
| Demonym | Torontonian |
| Time zone | UTC−05:00 (EST) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC−04:00 (EDT) |
| Postal code span | |
| Area codes | 416, 647, 437 |
| GDP (Toronto CMA) | CA$430.9 billion (2020)[9] |
| GDP per capita (Toronto CMA) | CA$62,873 (2019) |
| Website | www |
_01.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the capital city of the Canadian province of Ontario. With a population of 2,794,356 in 2021,[10] it is the fourth-most populous city in North America. The city is the anchor of the Golden Horseshoe, an urban agglomeration of 9,765,188 people (as of 2021) surrounding the western end of Lake Ontario,[11] while the Greater Toronto Area proper had a 2021 population of 6,712,341.[10] Toronto is an international centre of business, finance, arts, sports, and culture and is one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world.[12][13][14]
Indigenous peoples have travelled through and inhabited the Toronto area, located on a broad sloping plateau interspersed with rivers, deep ravines, and urban forest, for more than 10,000 years.[15] After the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase, when the Mississauga surrendered the area to the British Crown,[16] the British established the town of York in 1793 and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada.[17] During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York and suffered heavy damage by American troops.[18] York was renamed and incorporated in 1834 as the city of Toronto. It was designated as the capital of the province of Ontario in 1867 during Canadian Confederation.[19] The city proper has since expanded past its original limits through both annexation and amalgamation to its current area of 630.2 km2 (243.3 sq mi).
The diverse population of Toronto reflects its current and historical role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada.[20][21] About half of its residents were born outside of Canada and over 200 ethnic origins are represented among its inhabitants.[22] While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, over 160 languages are spoken in the city.[23] The mayor of Toronto is elected by direct popular vote to serve as the chief executive of the city. The Toronto City Council is a unicameral legislative body, comprising 25 councillors since the 2018 municipal election, representing geographical wards throughout the city.[24]
Toronto is a prominent centre for music,[25] theatre,[26] motion picture production,[27] and television production,[28] and is home to the headquarters of Canada's major national broadcast networks and media outlets.[29] Its varied cultural institutions,[30] which include numerous museums and galleries, festivals and public events, entertainment districts, national historic sites, and sports activities,[31] attract over 43 million tourists each year.[32][33] Toronto is known for its many skyscrapers and high-rise buildings,[34] in particular the CN Tower, the tallest free-standing structure on land outside of Asia.[35]
The city is home to the Toronto Stock Exchange, the headquarters of Canada's five largest banks,[36] and the headquarters of many large Canadian and multinational corporations.[37] Its economy is highly diversified with strengths in technology, design, financial services, life sciences, education, arts, fashion, aerospace, environmental innovation, food services, and tourism.[38][39][40] Toronto is the third-largest tech hub in North America after Silicon Valley and New York City, and the fastest growing hub.[41]
Toponymy
The word Toronto has been recorded with various spellings in French and English, including Tarento, Tarontha, Taronto, Toranto, Torento, Toronto, and Toronton.[42] Taronto referred to 'The Narrows', a channel of water through which Lake Simcoe discharges into Lake Couchiching where the Huron had planted tree saplings to corral fish. This narrows was called tkaronto by the Mohawk, meaning 'where there are trees standing in the water',[43][44][45] and was recorded as early as 1615 by Samuel de Champlain.[46] The word Toronto, meaning 'plenty', also appears in a 1632 French lexicon of the Huron language, which is also an Iroquoian language.[47] It also appears on French maps referring to various locations, including Georgian Bay, Lake Simcoe, and several rivers.[48] A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, known as the Toronto Carrying-Place Trail, led to widespread use of the name.
The pronunciation of the city is broadly /təˈrɒntoʊ/ tə-RONT-oh, which locals pronounce [təˈɹɒnoʊ] or [ˈtɹɒnoʊ], leaving the second 't' silent.[49][50][51]
History
Early history
The site of Toronto lay at the entrance to one of the oldest routes to the northwest, a route known and used by the Huron, Iroquois, and Ojibwe. Archaeological sites show evidence of human occupation dating back thousands of years. The site was of strategic importance from the beginning of Ontario's recorded history.[52]
In the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon (Bead Hill) on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagon on the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississaugas had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, with most returning to their homeland in present-day New York state.[53]
French traders founded Fort Rouillé in 1750 (the current Exhibition grounds were later developed there), but abandoned it in 1759 during the Seven Years' War.[54] The British defeated the French and their indigenous allies in the war, and the area became part of the British colony of Quebec in 1763.
During the American Revolutionary War, an influx of British settlers arrived there as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario. The Crown granted them land to compensate for their losses in the Thirteen Colonies. The new province of Upper Canada was being created and needed a capital. In 1787, the British Lord Dorchester arranged for the Toronto Purchase with the Mississaugas of the New Credit First Nation, thereby securing more than a quarter of a million acres (1000 km2) of land in the Toronto area.[55] Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto.[48] The first 25 years after the Toronto purchase were quiet, although "there were occasional independent fur traders" present in the area, with the usual complaints of debauchery and drunkenness.[52]
In 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark (Niagara-on-the-Lake) to York,[56] believing the new site would be less vulnerable to attack by the United States.[57] The York garrison was built at the entrance of the town's natural harbour, sheltered by a long sand-bar peninsula. The town's settlement formed at the harbour's eastern end behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street and Front Street (in the "Old Town" area).
19th century
In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the town's capture and plunder by United States forces.[58] John Strachan negotiated the town's surrender. American soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation. Because of the sacking of York, British troops retaliated later in the war with the burning of Washington, D.C.
York was incorporated as the City of Toronto on March 6, 1834, adopting the Indigenous name.[59] Reformist politician William Lyon Mackenzie became the first mayor of Toronto. Mackenzie would later lead the unsuccessful Upper Canada Rebellion of 1837 against the British colonial government.
Toronto's population of 9,000 included some African-American slaves,[citation needed] some of whom had been brought by the Loyalists, and Black Loyalists, whom the Crown had freed (most of the latter were resettled in Nova Scotia). By 1834, refugee slaves from America's South were also immigrating to Toronto to gain freedom.[60] Slavery was banned outright in Upper Canada (and throughout the British Empire) in 1834.[61] Torontonians integrated people of colour into their society. In the 1840s, an eating house at Frederick and King Streets, a place of mercantile prosperity in the early city, was operated by a black man named Bloxom.[62]
As a major destination for immigrants to Canada, the city grew rapidly through the remainder of the 19th century. The first significant wave of immigrants were Irish, fleeing the Great Irish Famine; most of them were Catholic. By 1851, the Irish-born population had become the largest single ethnic group in the city. The Scottish and English population welcomed smaller numbers of Protestant Irish immigrants, some from what is now Northern Ireland, which gave the Orange Order significant and long-lasting influence over Toronto society. Almost every mayor of Toronto was a member of the Orange Order between 1850 and 1950, and the city was sometimes referred to as the "Belfast of Canada" because of Orange influence in municipal politics and administration.[63]
For brief periods, Toronto was twice the capital of the united Province of Canada: first from 1849 to 1851, following unrest in Montreal, and later from 1855 to 1859. After this date, Quebec was designated as the capital until 1865 (two years before Canadian Confederation). Since then, the capital of Canada has remained Ottawa, Ontario.[64]
Toronto became the capital of the province of Ontario after its official creation in 1867. The seat of government of the Ontario briefly returned to the same building that hosted the Third Parliament Building of Upper Canada, before moving to the Ontario Legislative Building at Queen's Park in 1893. Because of its provincial capital status, the city was also the location of Government House, the residence of the viceregal representative of the Crown in right of Ontario.
Long before the Royal Military College of Canada was established in 1876, supporters of the concept proposed military colleges in Canada. Staffed by British Regulars, adult male students underwent a three-month-long military course at the School of Military Instruction in Toronto. Established by Militia General Order in 1864, the school enabled officers of militia or candidates for commission or promotion in the Militia to learn military duties, drill and discipline, to command a company at Battalion Drill, to drill a company at Company Drill, the internal economy of a company, and the duties of a company's officer.[65] The school was retained at Confederation, in 1867. In 1868, Schools of cavalry and artillery instruction were formed in Toronto.[66]
.jpg)
In the 19th century, the city built an extensive sewage system to improve sanitation, and streets were illuminated with gas lighting as a regular service.[citation needed] Long-distance railway lines were constructed, including a route completed in 1854 linking Toronto with the Upper Great Lakes. The Grand Trunk Railway and the Northern Railway of Canada joined in the building of the first Union Station in downtown. The advent of the railway dramatically increased the numbers of immigrants arriving, commerce and industry, as had the Lake Ontario steamers and schooners entering port before. These enabled Toronto to become a major gateway linking the world to the interior of the North American continent. Expanding port and rail facilities brought in northern timber for export and imported Pennsylvania coal. Industry dominated the waterfront for the next 100 years.
During the late 19th century, Toronto became the largest alcohol distillation (in particular, spirits) centre in North America. By the 1860s, the Gooderham and Worts Distillery operations became the world's largest whisky factory.[citation needed] A preserved section of this once dominant local industry remains in the Distillery District. The harbour allowed access to grain and sugar imports used in processing.
Horse-drawn streetcars gave way to electric streetcars in 1891 when the city granted the operation of the transit franchise to the Toronto Railway Company. The public transit system passed into public ownership in 1921 as the Toronto Transportation Commission, later renamed the Toronto Transit Commission. The system now has the third-highest ridership of any city public transportation system in North America.[67]
20th century
.jpg)
The Great Toronto Fire of 1904 destroyed a large section of downtown Toronto. The fire destroyed more than 100 buildings.[68] The fire claimed one victim, John Croft, who was an explosive expert clearing the ruins from the fire.[69] It caused CA$10,387,000 in damage (roughly CA$277,600,000 in 2020 terms).[70]
The city received new European immigrant groups from the late 19th century into the early 20th century, particularly Germans, French, Italians, and Jews. They were soon followed by Russians, Poles, and other Eastern European nations, in addition to the Chinese entering from the West. Like the Irish before them, many of these migrants lived in overcrowded shanty-type slums, such as "the Ward", which was centred on Bay Street, now the heart of the country's Financial District.
As new migrants began to prosper, they moved to better housing in other areas, in what is now understood to be succession waves of settlement. Despite its fast-paced growth, by the 1920s, Toronto's population and economic importance in Canada remained second to the much longer established Montreal, Quebec. However, by 1934, the Toronto Stock Exchange had become the largest in the country.
In 1954, the City of Toronto and 12 surrounding municipalities were federated into a regional government known as Metropolitan Toronto.[71] The postwar boom had resulted in rapid suburban development. It was believed a coordinated land-use strategy and shared services would provide greater efficiency for the region. The metropolitan government began to manage services that crossed municipal boundaries, including highways, police services, water and public transit. In that year, a half-century after the Great Fire of 1904, disaster struck the city again when Hurricane Hazel brought intense winds and flash flooding. In the Toronto area, 81 people were killed, nearly 1,900 families were left homeless, and the hurricane caused more than CA$25 million in damage.[72]
In 1967, the seven smallest municipalities of Metropolitan Toronto were merged with larger neighbours, resulting in a six-municipality configuration that included the former city of Toronto and the surrounding municipalities of East York, Etobicoke, North York, Scarborough, and York.[73]
In the decades after World War II, refugees from war-torn Europe and Chinese job-seekers arrived, as well as construction labourers, particularly from Italy and Portugal. Toronto's population grew to more than one million in 1951 when large-scale suburbanization began and doubled to two million by 1971. Following the elimination of racially based immigration policies by the late 1960s, Toronto became a destination for immigrants from all over the world. By the 1980s, Toronto had surpassed Montreal as Canada's most populous city and chief economic hub. During this time, in part owing to the political uncertainty raised by the resurgence of the Quebec sovereignty movement, many national and multinational corporations moved their head offices from Montreal to Toronto and Western Canadian cities.[74]
On January 1, 1998, Toronto was greatly enlarged, not through traditional annexations, but as an amalgamation of the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto and its six lower-tier constituent municipalities: East York, Etobicoke, North York, Scarborough, York, and the original city itself. They were dissolved by an act of the Government of Ontario and formed into a single-tier City of Toronto (colloquially dubbed the "megacity"), replacing all six governments.
The merger was proposed as a cost-saving measure by the Progressive Conservative provincial government under premier Mike Harris. The announcement touched off vociferous public objections. In March 1997, a referendum in all six municipalities produced a vote of more than 3:1 against amalgamation.[75] However, municipal governments in Canada are creatures of the provincial governments, and referendums have little to no legal effect. The Harris government could thus legally ignore the referendum results and did so in April when it tabled the City of Toronto Act. Both opposition parties held a filibuster in the provincial legislature, proposing more than 12,000 amendments that allowed residents on streets of the proposed megacity to take part in public hearings on the merger and adding historical designations to the streets.[76] This only delayed the bill's inevitable passage, given the Progressive Conservatives' majority.
North York mayor Mel Lastman became the first "megacity" mayor, and the 62nd mayor of Toronto, with his electoral victory.[77] Lastman gained national attention after multiple snowstorms, including the January Blizzard of 1999, dumped 118 centimetres (46 in) of snow and effectively immobilized the city.[78][79] He called in the Canadian Army to aid snow removal by use of their equipment to augment police and emergency services. The move was ridiculed by some in other parts of the country, fuelled in part by what was perceived as a frivolous use of resources.[80][81]
21st century
The city attracted international attention in 2003 when it became the centre of a major SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) outbreak. Public health attempts to prevent the disease from spreading elsewhere temporarily dampened the local economy.[82] From August 14 to 17, 2003, the city was hit by a massive blackout which affected millions of Torontonians (it also affected most of Southern Ontario and parts of the United States), stranding some hundreds of people in tall buildings, knocking out traffic lights and suspending subway and streetcar service across the city during those aforementioned days.[83]
On March 6, 2009, the city celebrated the 175th anniversary of its inception as the City of Toronto in 1834. Toronto hosted the 4th G20 summit during June 26–27, 2010. This included the largest security operation in Canadian history. Following large-scale protests and rioting, law enforcement arrested more than 1,000 people, the largest mass arrest in Canadian history.[84]
On July 8, 2013, severe flash flooding hit Toronto after an afternoon of slow-moving, intense thunderstorms. Toronto Hydro estimated 450,000 people were without power after the storm and Toronto Pearson International Airport reported 126 mm (5 in) of rain had fallen over five hours, more than during Hurricane Hazel.[85] Within six months, from December 20 to 22, 2013, Toronto was brought to a near halt by the worst ice storm in the city's history, rivalling the severity of the 1998 Ice Storm (which mainly affected southeastern Ontario, and Quebec). At the height of the storm, over 300,000 Toronto Hydro customers had no electricity or heating.[86] Toronto hosted WorldPride in June 2014,[87] and the Pan and Parapan American Games in 2015.[88]
The city continues to grow and attract immigrants. A 2019 study by Toronto Metropolitan University (then known as Ryerson University) showed that Toronto was the fastest-growing city in North America. The city added 77,435 people between July 2017 and July 2018. The Toronto metropolitan area was the second-fastest-growing metropolitan area in North America, adding 125,298 persons, compared with 131,767 in the Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington metroplex in Texas. The large growth in the Toronto metropolitan area is attributed to international migration to Toronto.[89]
The COVID-19 pandemic in Canada first occurred in Toronto and was among the hotspots in the country.[90][91]
Toronto was named as one of 16 cities in North America (and one of two Canadian cities) to host matches for the 2026 FIFA World Cup.[92]
Geography
Toronto covers an area of 630 square kilometres (243 sq mi),[93] with a maximum north–south distance of 21 kilometres (13 mi). It has a maximum east–west distance of 43 km (27 mi), and it has a 46-kilometre (29 mi) long waterfront shoreline, on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario. The Toronto Islands and Port Lands extend out into the lake, allowing for a somewhat sheltered Toronto Harbour south of the downtown core.[94] An Outer Harbour was constructed southeast of downtown during the 1950s and 1960s, and it is now used for recreation. The city's limits are formed by Lake Ontario to the south, the western boundary of Marie Curtis Park, Etobicoke Creek, Eglinton Avenue and Highway 427 to the west, Steeles Avenue to the north and the Rouge River and the Scarborough–Pickering Townline to the east.
Topography
 | This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2016) |
The city is mostly flat or gentle hills, and the land gently slopes upward away from the lake. The flat land is interrupted by the Toronto ravine system, which is cut by numerous creeks and rivers of the Toronto waterway system, most notably the Humber River in the west end, the Don River east of downtown (these two rivers flanking and defining the Toronto Harbour), and the Rouge River at the city's eastern limits. Most of the ravines and valley lands in Toronto today are parklands and recreational trails are laid out along the ravines and valleys. The original town was laid out in a grid plan on the flat plain north of the harbour, and this plan was extended outwards as the city grew. The width and depth of several of the ravines and valleys are such that several grid streets, such as Finch Avenue, Leslie Street, Lawrence Avenue, and St. Clair Avenue, terminate on one side of a ravine or valley and continue on the other side. Toronto has many bridges spanning the ravines. Large bridges such as the Prince Edward Viaduct were built to span broad river valleys.
Despite its deep ravines, Toronto is not remarkably hilly, but its elevation does increase steadily away from the lake. Elevation differences range from 76.5 metres (251 ft) above sea level at the Lake Ontario shore to 209 m (686 ft) above sea level near the York University grounds in the city's north end at the intersection of Keele Street and Steeles Avenue.[95] There are occasional hilly areas; in particular, midtown Toronto, as well as the Silverthorn and Fairbank neighbourhoods, have several sharply sloping hills. Lake Ontario remains occasionally visible from the peaks of these ridges as far north as Eglinton Avenue, 7 to 8 kilometres (4.3 to 5.0 mi) inland.
The other major geographical feature of Toronto is its escarpments. During the last ice age, the lower part of Toronto was beneath Glacial Lake Iroquois. Today, a series of escarpments mark the lake's former boundary, known as the "Iroquois Shoreline". The escarpments are most prominent from Victoria Park Avenue to the mouth of Highland Creek, where they form the Scarborough Bluffs. Other observable sections include the area near St. Clair Avenue West between Bathurst Street and the Don River, and north of Davenport Road from Caledonia to Spadina Road; the Casa Loma grounds sit above this escarpment.[96]
The geography of the lakeshore has dramatically changed since the first settlement of Toronto. Much of the land on the harbour's north shore is landfill, filled in during the late 19th century. Until then, the lakefront docks (then known as wharves) were set back farther inland than today. Much of the adjacent Port Lands on the harbour's east side was a wetland filled in early in the 20th century.[97] The shoreline from the harbour west to the Humber River has been extended into the lake. Further west, landfill has been used to create extensions of land such as Humber Bay Park.
.JPG)
The Toronto Islands were a natural peninsula until a storm in 1858 severed their connection to the mainland,[98] creating a channel to the harbour. The peninsula was formed by longshore drift taking the sediments deposited along the Scarborough Bluffs shore and transporting them to the Islands area.
The other source of sediment for the Port Lands wetland and the peninsula was the deposition of the Don River, which carved a wide valley through the sedimentary land of Toronto and deposited it in the shallow harbour. The harbour and the channel of the Don River have been dredged numerous times for shipping. The lower section of the Don River was straightened and channelled in the 19th century. The former mouth drained into a wetland; today, the Don River drains into the harbour through a concrete waterway, the Keating Channel. To mitigate flooding in the area, as well as to create parkland, a second more natural mouth is being built to the south during the first half of the 2020s, thereby creating Villiers Island.
Neighbourhoods and former municipalities
Toronto encompasses an area formerly administered by several separate municipalities that were amalgamated over the years. Each developed a distinct history and identity over the years, and their names remain in common use among Torontonians. Former municipalities include East York, Etobicoke, Forest Hill, Mimico, North York, Parkdale, Scarborough, Swansea, Weston and York. Throughout the city, there exist hundreds of small neighbourhoods and some larger neighbourhoods covering a few square kilometres.[citation needed]
The many residential communities of Toronto express a character distinct from the skyscrapers in the commercial core. Victorian and Edwardian-era residential buildings can be found in enclaves such as Rosedale, Cabbagetown, The Annex, and Yorkville.[99] The Wychwood Park neighbourhood, historically significant for the architecture of its homes, and for being one of Toronto's earliest planned communities, was designated as an Ontario Heritage Conservation district in 1985.[100] The Casa Loma neighbourhood is named after "Casa Loma", a castle built in 1911 by Sir Henry Pellat, complete with gardens, turrets, stables, an elevator, secret passages, and a bowling alley.[101] Spadina House is a 19th-century manor that is now a museum.[102]
Old Toronto
The pre-amalgamation City of Toronto covers the downtown core and older neighbourhoods to the east, west, and north. It is the most densely populated part of the city. The Financial District contains the First Canadian Place, Toronto-Dominion Centre, Scotia Plaza, Royal Bank Plaza, Commerce Court and Brookfield Place. This area includes, among others, the neighbourhoods of St. James Town, Garden District, St. Lawrence, Corktown, and Church and Wellesley. From that point, the Toronto skyline extends northward along Yonge Street.[citation needed]
Old Toronto is also home to many historically wealthy residential enclaves, such as Yorkville, Rosedale, The Annex, Forest Hill, Lawrence Park, Lytton Park, Deer Park, Moore Park, and Casa Loma, most stretching away from downtown to the north.[citation needed] East and west of downtown, neighbourhoods such as Kensington Market, Chinatown, Leslieville, Cabbagetown and Riverdale are home to bustling commercial and cultural areas as well as communities of artists with studio lofts, with many middle- and upper-class professionals.[citation needed] Other neighbourhoods in the central city retain an ethnic identity, including two smaller Chinatowns, the Greektown area, Little Italy, Portugal Village, and Little India, among others.[103]
Suburbs
The inner suburbs are contained within the former municipalities of York and East York.[104] These are mature and traditionally working-class areas, consisting primarily of post–World War I small, single-family homes and small apartment blocks.[104] Neighbourhoods such as Crescent Town, Thorncliffe Park, Flemingdon Park, Weston, and Oakwood Village consist mainly of high-rise apartments, which are home to many new immigrant families. During the 2000s, many neighbourhoods became ethnically diverse and underwent gentrification due to increasing population and a housing boom during the late 1990s and the early 21st century. The first neighbourhoods affected were Leaside and North Toronto, gradually progressing into the western neighbourhoods in York.[citation needed]
.jpg)
The outer suburbs comprising the former municipalities of Etobicoke (west), Scarborough (east) and North York (north) largely retain the grid plan laid before post-war development.[105] Sections were long established and quickly growing towns before the suburban housing boom began and the emergence of metropolitan government, existing towns or villages such as Mimico, Islington and New Toronto in Etobicoke; Willowdale, Newtonbrook and Downsview in North York; Agincourt, Wexford and West Hill in Scarborough where suburban development boomed around or between these and other towns beginning in the late 1940s. Upscale neighbourhoods were built, such as the Bridle Path in North York, the area surrounding the Scarborough Bluffs in Guildwood, and most of central Etobicoke, such as Humber Valley Village, and The Kingsway. One of the largest and earliest "planned communities" was Don Mills, parts of which were first built in the 1950s.[106] Phased development, mixing single-detached housing with higher-density apartment blocks, became more popular as a suburban model of development. During the late 20th century, North York City Centre and Scarborough City Centre developed separate downtown districts outside Downtown Toronto after the former boroughs were promoted to cities.[107] High-rise development in these areas has given these former municipalities distinguishable skylines of their own, with high-density transit corridors serving them; some of these developments are also transit-oriented.[citation needed]
Industrial
.jpg)
In the 1800s, a thriving industrial area developed around Toronto Harbour and the lower Don River mouth, linked by rail and water to Canada and the United States. Examples included the Gooderham and Worts Distillery, Canadian Malting Company, the Toronto Rolling Mills, the Union Stockyards and the Davies pork processing facility (the inspiration for the "Hogtown" nickname).[108][109] This industrial area expanded west along the harbour and rail lines and was supplemented by the infilling of the marshlands on the east side of the harbour to create the Port Lands. A garment industry developed along lower Spadina Avenue, the "Fashion District". Beginning in the late 19th century, industrial areas were set up on the outskirts, such as West Toronto / The Junction, where the Stockyards relocated in 1903.[110] The Great Fire of 1904 destroyed a large amount of industry in the downtown. Some companies moved west along King Street, and some moved as far west as Dufferin Street, where the large Massey-Harris farm equipment manufacturing complex was located.[111] Over time, pockets of industrial land mostly followed rail lines and later highway corridors as the city grew outwards. This trend continues to this day; the largest factories and distribution warehouses are in the suburban environs of Peel and York Regions, but also within the current city: Etobicoke (concentrated around Pearson Airport), North York, and Scarborough.[citation needed]
.JPG)
Many of Toronto's former industrial sites close to (or in) downtown have been redeveloped, including parts of the Toronto waterfront, the rail yards west of downtown, and Liberty Village, the Massey-Harris district and large-scale development is underway in the West Don Lands.[citation needed] The Gooderham & Worts Distillery produced spirits until 1990 and is preserved today as the "Distillery District", the largest and best-preserved collection of Victorian industrial architecture in North America.[112] Some industry remains in the area, including the Redpath Sugar Refinery. Similar areas that retain their industrial character but are now largely residential are the Fashion District, Corktown, and parts of South Riverdale and Leslieville. Toronto still has some active older industrial areas, such as Brockton Village, Mimico and New Toronto. In the west end of Old Toronto and York, the Weston/Mount Dennis and The Junction areas still contain factories, meat-packing facilities and rail yards close to medium-density residential. However, the Junction's Union Stockyards moved out of Toronto in 1994.[110]
The brownfield industrial area of the Port Lands, on the east side of the harbour, is one area planned for redevelopment.[113] Formerly a marsh that was filled in to create industrial space, it was never intensely developed—its land unsuitable for large-scale development—because of flooding and unstable soil.[114] It still contains numerous industrial uses, such as the Portlands Energy Centre power plant, port facilities, movie and television production studios, concrete processing facilities, and low-density industrial facilities. The Waterfront Toronto agency has developed plans for a naturalized mouth to the Don River and to create a flood barrier around the Don, making more of the land on the harbour suitable for higher-value residential and commercial development.[115] A former chemicals plant site along the Don River is slated to become a large commercial complex and transportation hub.[116]
Architecture
Toronto's buildings vary in design and age, with many structures dating back to the early 19th century, while other prominent buildings were just newly built in the first decade of the 21st century.[117] Lawrence Richards, a member of the Faculty of Architecture at the University of Toronto, has said, "Toronto is a new, brash, rag-tag place—a big mix of periods and styles."[118] Bay-and-gable houses, mainly found in Old Toronto, are a distinct architectural feature of the city. Defining the Toronto skyline is the CN Tower, a telecommunications and tourism hub. Completed in 1976 at a height of 553.33 metres (1,815 ft 5 in), it was the world's tallest[119] freestanding structure until 2007 when it was surpassed by Burj Khalifa in Dubai.[120]
Toronto is a city of high-rises and had 1,875 buildings over 30 metres (98 ft) as of 2011.[121]
Through the 1960s and 1970s, significant pieces of Toronto's architectural heritage were demolished to make way for redevelopment or parking. In contrast, since 2000, amid the Canadian property bubble, Toronto has experienced a condo construction boom and architectural revival, with several buildings opened by world-renowned architects. Daniel Libeskind's Royal Ontario Museum addition, Frank Gehry's remake of the Art Gallery of Ontario, and Will Alsop's distinctive OCAD University expansion are among the city's new showpieces.[122] The mid-1800s Distillery District, on the eastern edge of downtown, has been redeveloped into a pedestrian-oriented arts, culture and entertainment neighbourhood.[123] This construction boom has some observers call the phenomenon the Manhattanization of Toronto after the densely built island borough of New York City.[124]
_(cropped).jpg)
Climate
| Toronto | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate chart (explanation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The city of Toronto has a hot summer humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfa),[126] though was on the threshold of a warm summer humid continental climate (Dfb) until the 20th century due to the urban heat island but still found in the metropolitan region,[127] with warm, humid summers and cold winters. According to the classification applied by Natural Resources Canada, the city of Toronto is in plant hardiness zone 7a. Some suburbs and nearby towns have lower zone ratings.[128][129]
The city experiences four distinct seasons, with considerable variance in length.[130] As a result of the rapid passage of weather systems (such as high- and low-pressure systems), the weather is variable from day to day in all seasons.[130] Owing to urbanization and its proximity to water, Toronto has a fairly low diurnal temperature range. The denser urbanscape makes for warmer nights year-round; the average nighttime temperature is about 3.0 °C (5.4 °F) warmer in the city than in rural areas in all months.[131] However, it can be noticeably cooler on many spring and early summer afternoons under the influence of a lake breeze, since Lake Ontario is cool relative to the air during these seasons.[131] These lake breezes mostly occur in summer, bringing relief on hot days.[131] Other low-scale maritime effects on the climate include lake-effect snow, fog, and delaying of spring- and fall-like conditions, known as seasonal lag.[131]
Winters are cold, with frequent snow.[132] During the winter months, temperatures are usually below 0 °C (32 °F).[132] Toronto winters sometimes feature cold snaps when maximum temperatures remain below −10 °C (14 °F), often made to feel colder by wind chill. Occasionally, they can drop below −25 °C (−13 °F).[132] Snowstorms, sometimes mixed with ice and rain, can disrupt work and travel schedules while accumulating snow can fall anytime from November until mid-April. However, mild stretches also occur in most winters, melting accumulated snow. The summer months are characterized by very warm temperatures.[132] Daytime temperatures are usually above 20 °C (68 °F), and often rise above 30 °C (86 °F).[132] However, they can occasionally surpass 35 °C (95 °F) accompanied by high humidity. Spring and autumn are transitional seasons with generally mild or cool temperatures with alternating dry and wet periods.[131] Daytime temperatures average around 10 to 12 °C (50 to 54 °F) during these seasons.[132]
Precipitation is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year, but summer is usually the wettest season, the bulk falling during thunderstorms. The average yearly precipitation is 822.7 mm (32.4 in), with an average annual snowfall of 121.5 cm (48 in).[133] Toronto experiences an average of 2,066 sunshine hours or 45 percent of daylight hours, varying between a low of 28 percent in December to 60 percent in July.[133]
Climate change has affected Toronto, and as a consequence, the Toronto City Council declared a climate emergency, setting a net-zero carbon emissions target by 2040 through the TransformTO climate action plan.[134]
The highest temperature ever recorded in Toronto was 40.6 °C (105 °F) on July 8, 9, and 10, 1936,[135] during the 1936 North American heat wave. The coldest temperature ever recorded was −32.8 °C (−27 °F) on January 10, 1859.[125]
| Climate data for Toronto (The Annex) WMO ID: 71266; coordinates 43°40′N 79°24′W / 43.667°N 79.400°W; elevation: 112.5 m (369 ft); 1991–2020[b] normals, extremes 1840–present[c] | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high humidex | 15.7 | 12.2 | 21.7 | 31.6 | 39.8 | 44.5 | 43.0 | 42.6 | 43.8 | 31.2 | 26.1 | 17.7 | 44.5 |
| Record high °C (°F) | 16.1 (61.0) |
19.1 (66.4) |
26.7 (80.1) |
32.2 (90.0) |
34.4 (93.9) |
36.7 (98.1) |
40.6 (105.1) |
38.9 (102.0) |
37.8 (100.0) |
30.8 (87.4) |
23.9 (75.0) |
19.9 (67.8) |
40.6 (105.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −0.3 (31.5) |
0.6 (33.1) |
5.1 (41.2) |
11.7 (53.1) |
18.8 (65.8) |
24.2 (75.6) |
27.0 (80.6) |
26.1 (79.0) |
22.0 (71.6) |
14.6 (58.3) |
8.1 (46.6) |
2.6 (36.7) |
13.4 (56.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −3.5 (25.7) |
−2.7 (27.1) |
1.7 (35.1) |
7.8 (46.0) |
14.5 (58.1) |
19.8 (67.6) |
22.5 (72.5) |
21.9 (71.4) |
17.9 (64.2) |
11.2 (52.2) |
5.2 (41.4) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
9.7 (49.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −6.7 (19.9) |
−6.0 (21.2) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
3.9 (39.0) |
10.0 (50.0) |
15.3 (59.5) |
18.1 (64.6) |
17.7 (63.9) |
13.8 (56.8) |
7.7 (45.9) |
2.3 (36.1) |
−2.7 (27.1) |
6.0 (42.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −32.8 (−27.0) |
−31.7 (−25.1) |
−26.7 (−16.1) |
−15.0 (5.0) |
−3.9 (25.0) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
3.9 (39.0) |
4.4 (39.9) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
−8.9 (16.0) |
−20.6 (−5.1) |
−30.0 (−22.0) |
−32.8 (−27.0) |
| Record low wind chill | −37 | −34 | −26 | −17 | −8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −8 | −17 | −34 | −37 |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 64.6 (2.54) |
53.9 (2.12) |
52.8 (2.08) |
78.0 (3.07) |
76.4 (3.01) |
81.6 (3.21) |
76.5 (3.01) |
71.9 (2.83) |
69.4 (2.73) |
69.1 (2.72) |
70.8 (2.79) |
57.8 (2.28) |
822.7 (32.39) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 29.1 (1.15) |
29.7 (1.17) |
33.6 (1.32) |
61.1 (2.41) |
82.0 (3.23) |
70.9 (2.79) |
63.9 (2.52) |
81.1 (3.19) |
84.7 (3.33) |
64.3 (2.53) |
75.4 (2.97) |
38.2 (1.50) |
714.0 (28.11) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 37.2 (14.6) |
27.0 (10.6) |
19.8 (7.8) |
5.0 (2.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.1 (0.0) |
8.3 (3.3) |
24.1 (9.5) |
121.5 (47.8) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 16.3 | 12.8 | 13.0 | 13.1 | 13.4 | 12.1 | 11.7 | 9.5 | 10.2 | 11.4 | 13.0 | 13.7 | 150.2 |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 5.4 | 4.8 | 7.9 | 11.2 | 12.7 | 11.0 | 10.4 | 10.2 | 11.1 | 11.7 | 10.9 | 7.0 | 114.1 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) | 12.0 | 8.7 | 6.5 | 2.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.08 | 3.1 | 8.4 | 40.9 |
| Average relative humidity (%) (at 15:00 LST) | 68.0 | 65.4 | 58.5 | 53.4 | 53.1 | 55.2 | 54.3 | 56.7 | 59.6 | 65.0 | 67.1 | 70.9 | 60.6 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 85.9 | 111.3 | 161.0 | 180.0 | 227.7 | 259.6 | 279.6 | 245.6 | 194.4 | 154.3 | 88.9 | 78.1 | 2,066.3 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 29.7 | 37.7 | 43.6 | 44.8 | 50.0 | 56.3 | 59.8 | 56.7 | 51.7 | 45.1 | 30.5 | 28.0 | 44.5 |
| Source: Environment and Climate Change Canada[133][136] | |||||||||||||
Parks
| This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2016) |
Toronto has diverse public spaces, from city squares to public parks overlooking ravines. Nathan Phillips Square is the city's main square in downtown, contains the Toronto Sign,[137] and forms the entrance to City Hall. Yonge–Dundas Square, near City Hall, has also gained attention in recent years as one of the busiest gathering spots in the city. Other squares include Harbourfront Square, on the Toronto waterfront, and the civic squares at the former city halls of the defunct Metropolitan Toronto, most notably Mel Lastman Square in North York. The Toronto Public Space Committee is an advocacy group concerned with the city's public spaces. In recent years, Nathan Phillips Square has been refurbished with new facilities, and the central waterfront along Queen's Quay West has been updated recently with a new street architecture and a new square next to Harbourfront Centre.
.jpg)
In the winter, Nathan Phillips Square, Harbourfront Centre, and Mel Lastman Square feature popular rinks for public ice skating. Etobicoke's Colonel Sam Smith Trail opened in 2011 and is Toronto's first skating trail. Earl Bales Park offers outdoor skiing and snowboarding slopes with a chairlift, rental facilities, and lessons. Several parks have marked cross-country skiing trails.
There are many large downtown parks, which include Allan Gardens, Christie Pits, Grange Park, Little Norway Park, Moss Park, Queen's Park, Riverdale Park and Trinity Bellwoods Park. An almost-hidden park is the compact Cloud Gardens,[138] which has both open areas and a glassed-in greenhouse, near Queen Street and Yonge Street. South of downtown are two large parks on the waterfront: Tommy Thompson Park on the Leslie Street Spit, which has a nature preserve and is open on weekends, and the Toronto Islands, accessible from downtown by ferry.
.jpg)
Large parks in the outer areas managed by the city include High Park, Humber Bay Park, Centennial Park, Downsview Park, Guild Park and Gardens, Sunnybrook Park and Morningside Park.[139] Toronto also operates several public golf courses. Most ravine lands and river bank floodplains in Toronto are public parklands. After Hurricane Hazel in 1954, construction of buildings on floodplains was outlawed, and private lands were bought for conservation. In 1999, Downsview Park, a former military base in North York, initiated an international design competition to realize its vision of creating Canada's first urban park. The winner, "Tree City", was announced in May 2000. Approximately 8,000 hectares (20,000 acres), or 12.5 percent of Toronto's land base, is maintained parkland.[140] Morningside Park is the largest park managed by the city, which is 241.46 hectares (596.7 acres) in size.[140]
In addition to public parks managed by the municipal government, parts of Rouge National Urban Park, the largest urban park in North America, is in the eastern portion of Toronto. Managed by Parks Canada, the national park is centred around the Rouge River and encompasses several municipalities in the Greater Toronto Area.[141]
Demographics
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1834 | 9,252 | — |
| 1841 | 14,249 | +54.0% |
| 1851 | 30,776 | +116.0% |
| 1861 | 44,821 | +45.6% |
| 1871 | 56,092 | +25.1% |
| 1881 | 86,415 | +54.1% |
| 1891 | 144,023 | +66.7% |
| 1901 | 238,080 | +65.3% |
| 1911 | 381,383 | +60.2% |
| 1921 | 521,893 | +36.8% |
| 1931 | 856,955 | +64.2% |
| 1941 | 951,549 | +11.0% |
| 1951 | 1,176,622 | +23.7% |
| 1961 | 1,824,481 | +55.1% |
| 1971 | 2,089,729 | +14.5% |
| 1976 | 2,124,291 | +1.7% |
| 1981 | 2,137,395 | +0.6% |
| 1986 | 2,192,721 | +2.6% |
| 1991 | 2,275,771 | +3.8% |
| 1996 | 2,385,421 | +4.8% |
| 2001 | 2,481,494 | +4.0% |
| 2006 | 2,503,281 | +0.9% |
| 2011 | 2,615,060 | +4.5% |
| 2016 | 2,731,571 | +4.5% |
| 2021 | 2,794,356 | +2.3% |
| Source: [142][143][144][145][146][147] | ||
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Toronto had a population of 2,794,356 living in 1,160,892 of its 1,253,238 total private dwellings, a change of 2.3 percent from its 2016 population of 2,731,571. With a land area of 631.1 km2 (243.7 sq mi), it had a population density of 4,427.8/km2 (11,467.8/sq mi) in 2021.[148]
At the census metropolitan area (CMA) level in the 2021 census, the Toronto CMA had a population of 6,202,225 living in 2,262,473 of its 2,394,205 total private dwellings, a change of 4.6 percent from its 2016 population of 5,928,040. With a land area of 5,902.75 km2 (2,279.06 sq mi), it had a population density of 1,050.7/km2 (2,721.4/sq mi) in 2021.[149]
In 2016, persons aged 14 years and under made up 14.5 percent of the population, and those aged 65 and over made up 15.6 percent.[150] The median age was 39.3 years.[150] The city's gender population is 48 percent male and 52 percent female.[150] Women outnumber men in all age groups 15 and older.[150]
The 2021 census reported that immigrants (individuals born outside Canada) comprise 1,286,145 persons or 46.6 percent of the total population of Toronto. Of the total immigrant population, the top countries of origin were Philippines (132,980 persons or 10.3%), China (129,750 persons or 10.1%), India (102,155 persons or 7.9%), Sri Lanka (47,895 persons or 3.7%), Jamaica (42,655 persons or 3.3%), Italy (37,705 persons or 2.9%), Iran (37,185 persons or 2.9%), Hong Kong (36,855 persons or 2.9%), United Kingdom (35,585 persons or 2.8%), and Portugal (34,360 persons or 2.7%).[151]
The city's foreign-born persons comprised 47 percent of the population,[152] compared to 49.9 percent in 2006.[153] According to the United Nations Development Programme, Toronto has the second-highest percentage of constant foreign-born population among world cities, after Miami, Florida. While Miami's foreign-born population has traditionally consisted primarily of Cubans and other Latin Americans, no single nationality or culture dominates Toronto's immigrant population, placing it among the most diverse cities in the world.[153] In 2010, it was estimated over 100,000 immigrants arrived in the Greater Toronto Area each year.[154]
Race and ethnicity
In 2016, the three most commonly reported ethnic origins overall were Chinese (332,830 or 12.5 percent), English (331,890 or 12.3 percent) and Canadian (323,175 or 12.0 percent).[152] Common regions of ethnic origin were European (47.9 per cent), Asian (including Middle-Eastern – 40.1 per cent), African (5.5 per cent), Latin/Central/South American (4.2 per cent), and North American aboriginal (1.2 per cent).[152]
In 2016, 51.5 per cent of the residents of the city proper belonged to a visible minority group, compared to 49.1 per cent in 2011,[152][155] and 13.6 per cent in 1981.[156] The largest visible minority groups were South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan at 338,960 or 12.6 percent), East Asian (Chinese at 332,830 or 12.5 percent), and Black (239,850 or 8.9 percent).[152] Visible minorities are projected to increase to 63 percent of the city's population by 2031.[157]
This diversity is reflected in Toronto's ethnic neighbourhoods, which include Chinatown, Corso Italia, Greektown, Kensington Market, Koreatown, Little India, Little Italy, Little Jamaica, Little Portugal and Roncesvalles (Polish community).[158]
| Panethnic group | 2021[159] | 2016 | 2011 | 2006 | 2001 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |||||
| European | 1,201,075 | 43.5% | 1,282,750 | 47.66% | 1,292,365 | 50.17% | 1,300,330 | 52.51% | 1,394,310 | 56.75% | ||||
| South Asian | 385,440 | 13.96% | 338,965 | 12.59% | 317,100 | 12.31% | 298,370 | 12.05% | 253,920 | 10.34% | ||||
| East Asian | 351,625 | 12.73% | 354,510 | 13.17% | 327,930 | 12.73% | 329,260 | 13.3% | 301,060 | 12.25% | ||||
| Black | 265,005 | 9.6% | 239,850 | 8.91% | 218,160 | 8.47% | 208,555 | 8.42% | 204,075 | 8.31% | ||||
| Southeast Asian | 224,260 | 8.12% | 194,360 | 7.22% | 179,270 | 6.96% | 140,050 | 5.66% | 120,330 | 4.9% | ||||
| Middle Eastern | 111,360 | 4.03% | 96,355 | 3.58% | 79,155 | 3.07% | 65,240 | 2.63% | 59,560 | 2.42% | ||||
| Latin American | 92,455 | 3.35% | 77,160 | 2.87% | 71,205 | 2.76% | 64,855 | 2.62% | 54,350 | 2.21% | ||||
| Indigenous | 22,925 | 0.83% | 23,065 | 0.86% | 19,265 | 0.75% | 13,605 | 0.55% | 11,370 | 0.46% | ||||
| Other/Multiracial | 107,135 | 3.88% | 84,650 | 3.14% | 71,590 | 2.78% | 56,295 | 2.27% | 57,840 | 2.35% | ||||
| Total: Visible minority | 1,537,280 | 55.7% | 1,385,850 | 51.5% | 1,264,410 | 49.1% | 1,162,625 | 47% | 1,062,505 | 42.8% | ||||
| Total responses | 2,761,285 | 98.82% | 2,691,665 | 98.54% | 2,576,025 | 98.51% | 2,476,565 | 98.93% | 2,456,805 | 99.01% | ||||
| Total population | 2,794,356 | 100% | 2,731,571 | 100% | 2,615,060 | 100% | 2,503,281 | 100% | 2,481,494 | 100% | ||||
| Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses | ||||||||||||||
Religion
According to the 2021 census, religious groups in Toronto included:[151]
- Christianity (1,274,450 persons or 46.2%)
- No religion and secular perspectives (845,615 persons or 30.6%)
- Islam (264,155 persons or 9.6%)
- Hinduism (171,980 persons or 6.2%)
- Judaism (99,390 persons or 3.6%)
- Buddhism (62,475 persons or 2.3%)
- Sikhism (21,545 persons or 0.8%)
- Indigenous Spirituality (935 persons or <0.1%)
- Other (20,730 persons or 0.8%)
Language
English is the predominant language spoken by Torontonians, with approximately 95 percent of residents having proficiency in it, although only 54.7 percent of Torontonians reported English as their mother tongue.[160] Greater Toronto English, or simply Toronto slang, is a dialect found primarily in Toronto, primarily spoken by Millennials and members of Generation Z. English is one of two official languages of Canada, with the other being French. Approximately 1.6 percent of Torontonians reported French as their mother tongue, although 9.1 percent reported being bilingual in both official languages.[160] In addition to services provided by the federal government, provincial services in Toronto are available in both official languages as a result of the French Language Services Act.[161] Approximately 4.9 percent of Torontonians reported having no knowledge in either of the official languages of the country.[160]
Because the city is also home to many other languages, municipal services, most notably its 9-1-1 emergency telephone service,[d] is equipped to respond in over 150 languages.[162][163] In the 2001 Canadian census, the collective varieties of Chinese and Italian are the most widely spoken languages at work after English.[164][165] Approximately 55 percent of respondents who reported proficiency in a Chinese language reported knowledge of Mandarin in the 2016 census.[160]
Economy
Toronto is an international centre for business and finance. Generally considered the financial and industrial capital of Canada, Toronto has a high concentration of banks and brokerage firms on Bay Street in the Financial District. The Toronto Stock Exchange is the world's seventh-largest stock exchange by market capitalization.[166] The five largest financial institutions of Canada, collectively known as the Big Five, all have their global corporate headquarters in Toronto, alongside Canada's major insurance giants.[167][168]
.jpg)
The city is an important centre for the media, publishing, telecommunication, information technology and film production industries; it is home to Bell Media, Rogers Communications, and Torstar. Other prominent Canadian corporations and Canadian subsidiaries of international corporations in the Greater Toronto Area include Magna International, Pizza Pizza, Mr. Sub, Celestica, Manulife, Sun Life Financial, Toyota Canada Inc. the Hudson's Bay Company, and major hotel companies and operators, such as Four Seasons Hotels and Fairmont Hotels and Resorts.[169]
Although much of the region's manufacturing activities occur outside the city limits, Toronto continues to be a wholesale and distribution point for the industrial sector. The city's strategic position along the Quebec City–Windsor Corridor within the Great Lakes megalopolis and its road and rail connections help support the nearby production of motor vehicles, iron, steel, food, machinery, chemicals and paper. The completion of the St. Lawrence Seaway in 1959 gave ships access to the Great Lakes from the Atlantic Ocean.
Toronto's unemployment rate was 6.7 percent as of July 2016.[170] According to the website Numbeo, Toronto's cost of living plus rent index was second highest in Canada (of 31 cities).[171] The local purchasing power was the sixth lowest in Canada, mid-2017.[172] The average monthly social assistance caseload for January to October 2014 was 92,771. The number of impoverished seniors increased from 10.5 percent in 2011 to 12.1 percent in 2014. Toronto's 2013 child poverty rate was 28.6 percent, the highest among large Canadian cities of 500,000 or more residents.[173]
Bay Street
The Financial District in Toronto centres on Bay Street, the equivalent to Wall Street in New York.[174] The city hosts the headquarters of all five of Canada's largest banks, Royal Bank of Canada, Toronto-Dominion Bank, Scotiabank, Bank of Montreal and Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, and was ranked as the safest banking system in the world between 2007 and 2014 according to the World Economic Forum.[104] Toronto's economy has seen a steady growth boom thanks to many corporations relocating their Canadian headquarters into the city and Canada's growing cultural significance, resulting in several companies setting up shop in Toronto.
Media and entertainment
Toronto is Canada's largest media market,[175] and has four conventional dailies, two alt-weeklies, and three free commuter papers in a greater metropolitan area of about 6 million inhabitants. The Toronto Star and the Toronto Sun are the prominent daily city newspapers, while national dailies The Globe and Mail and the National Post are also headquartered in the city.[176] The Toronto Star, The Globe and Mail, and National Post are broadsheet newspapers. StarMetro is distributed as free commuter newspapers. Several magazines and local newspapers cover Toronto, including Now and Toronto Life, while numerous magazines are produced in Toronto, such as Canadian Business, Chatelaine, Flare and Maclean's. Daily Hive, Western Canada's largest online-only publication, opened its Toronto office in 2016.[177] Toronto contains the headquarters of the major English-language Canadian television networks CBC, CTV, Citytv, Global, The Sports Network (TSN) and Sportsnet. Much (formerly MuchMusic), M3 (formerly MuchMore) and MTV Canada are the main music television channels based in the city. However, they no longer primarily show music videos as a result of channel drift and a shift in demographics.
Film production
Toronto is one of the centres of Canada's film and television industry due in part to the lower cost of production in Canada. The city's streets and landmarks are seen in a variety of films, mimicking the scenes of American cities such as Chicago and New York. The city provides diverse settings and neighbourhoods to shoot films, with production facilitated by Toronto's Film and Television Office. Toronto's film industry has extended beyond the Toronto CMA into adjoining cities such as Hamilton and Oshawa.[178]
Real estate
Real estate is a major force in the city's economy; Toronto is home to some of the nation's—and the world's—most expensive real estate. The Toronto Regional Real Estate Board (TRREB), formerly the Toronto Real Estate Board, is a non-profit professional association of registered real estate brokers and salespeople in Toronto, and parts of the Greater Toronto Area.[179] TRREB was formed in 1920.[179] Many large real estate investment trusts are based in Toronto.
Technology and biotech
Toronto is a large hub of the Canadian and global technology industry, generating $52 billion in revenues annually. In 2017, Toronto tech firms offered almost 30,000 jobs which is higher than the combination of San Francisco Bay area, Seattle and Washington, D.C.[180] The area bound between the Greater Toronto Area, the region of Waterloo and the city of Hamilton was termed a "digital corridor" by the Branham Group,[181] a region highly concentrated with technology companies and jobs similar to Silicon Valley in California.[182] Toronto is home to a large startup ecosystem and is the third-largest center for information and communications technology in North America, behind New York City and the Silicon Valley.[41] In 2023, the city was ranked as the 17th best startup scene in the world.[183]
Tourism
In 2018, 27.5 million tourists visited Toronto, generating $10.3 billion (~$12.3 billion in 2023) in economic activity.[184] The Toronto Eaton Centre receives over 47 million visitors per year.[185] Other commercial areas popular with tourists include the Path network, which is the world's largest[186] underground shopping complex, as well as Kensington Market and St. Lawrence Market.[187] The Toronto Islands are close to downtown Toronto and do not permit private motor vehicles beyond the airport. Other tourist attractions include the CN Tower, Casa Loma, Toronto's theatres and musicals, Yonge–Dundas Square, and Ripley's Aquarium of Canada.
The Royal Ontario Museum is a museum of world culture and natural history. The Toronto Zoo[188][189] is home to over 5,000 animals representing over 460 distinct species. The Art Gallery of Ontario contains an extensive collection of Canadian, European, African and contemporary artwork. Also, it hosts exhibits from museums and galleries from all over the world. The Gardiner Museum of ceramic art is the only museum in Canada entirely devoted to ceramics, and the Museum's collection contains more than 2,900 ceramic works from Asia, the Americas, and Europe. The city also hosts the Ontario Science Centre, the Bata Shoe Museum, and Textile Museum of Canada.
.jpg)
Other prominent art galleries and museums include the Design Exchange,[190] the TIFF Lightbox, the Museum of Contemporary Art Toronto Canada, the Institute for Contemporary Culture, the Toronto Sculpture Garden, the CBC Museum, the Redpath Sugar Museum, the University of Toronto Art Centre, Hart House, the TD Gallery of Inuit Art, Little Canada and the Aga Khan Museum. The city also runs its own museums, which include the Spadina House.[191] The Don Valley Brick Works is a former industrial site that opened in 1889 and was partly restored as a park and heritage site in 1996, with further restoration being completed in stages since then. The Canadian National Exhibition ("The Ex") is held annually at Exhibition Place and is the oldest annual fair in the world. The Ex has an average attendance of 1.25 million.[192]
City shopping areas include the Yorkville neighbourhood, Queen West, Harbourfront, the Entertainment District, the Financial District, and the St. Lawrence Market neighbourhood.[193][194] The Eaton Centre is Toronto's most popular tourist attraction with over 52 million visitors annually.[195]
Greektown on the Danforth is home to the annual "Taste of the Danforth" festival, which attracts over one million people in 2+1⁄2 days.[196] Toronto is also home to Casa Loma, the former estate of Sir Henry Pellatt, a prominent Toronto financier, industrialist and military man. Other notable neighbourhoods and attractions in Toronto include The Beaches, the Toronto Islands, Kensington Market, Fort York, and the Hockey Hall of Fame.[197][198]
Education
Primary and secondary education
There are four public school boards that provide elementary and secondary education in Toronto, the Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir, the Conseil scolaire Viamonde (CSV), the Toronto Catholic District School Board (TCDSB), and the Toronto District School Board (TDSB). CSV and TDSB are secular public school boards, whereas MonAvenir and TCDSB are separate public school boards. CSV and MonAvenir are French first language school boards, whereas TCDSB and TDSB are English first language school boards.
TDSB operates the most schools among the four Toronto-based school boards, with 451 elementary schools, 105 secondary schools, and five adult learning centres.[199] TCDSB operates 163 elementary schools, 29 secondary schools, three combined institutions, and one adult learning centre. CSV operates 11 elementary schools, and three secondary schools in the city.[200] MonAvenir operates nine elementary schools,[201] and three secondary schools in Toronto.[202]
Postsecondary education
There are several public universities and colleges based in Toronto. The city is also home to several supplementary schools, seminaries, and vocational schools. Examples of such institutions include The Royal Conservatory of Music, which includes the Glenn Gould School; the Canadian Film Centre, a media training institute founded by filmmaker Norman Jewison; and Tyndale University, a Christian post-secondary institution and Canada's largest seminary.[203][204][205][206]
Universities
Five public universities are based in Toronto. Four of these universities are based in downtown Toronto: OCAD University, Toronto Metropolitan University, the Université de l'Ontario français, and the University of Toronto.[207] The University of Toronto also operates two satellite campuses, one of which is in the city's eastern district of Scarborough, while the other is in the neighbouring city of Mississauga.[208] York University is the only Toronto-based university not situated in downtown Toronto, maintaining a primary campus in the northwestern portion of North York and a secondary campus in midtown Toronto.[209]
Several other public universities based elsewhere in Ontario also operate satellite campuses or facilities in Toronto, including Queen's University at Kingston, the University of Ottawa, the University of Western Ontario, Wilfrid Laurier University, and the University of Guelph.[210] The latter operates a satellite campus in northwestern Etobicoke together with Humber Polytechnic, called the University of Guelph-Humber.[211] In addition to public universities, Toronto also holds the satellite campus for Northeastern University, a private university based in Boston.[212]
Colleges
There are four public colleges based in Toronto, Centennial College, George Brown College, Humber College, and Seneca Polytechnic (formerly Seneca College). The four institutions operate several campuses throughout the city.[213] Several public colleges based elsewhere in Ontario also operate satellite facilities and campuses in Toronto, including Cambrian College, Canadore College, Collège Boréal, Collège La Cité, Fleming College, Georgian College, Lambton College, Loyalist College, St. Clair College, and Sault College.[210]
Human resources
Public health
Toronto is home to twenty public hospitals, including the Hospital for Sick Children,[214] Mount Sinai Hospital,[215] St. Michael's Hospital,[216] North York General Hospital,[217]Toronto General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital, Etobicoke General Hospital, St. Joseph's Health Centre, Scarborough General Hospital, Birchmount Hospital, Centenary Hospital, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), and Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, many of which are affiliated with the University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine.
Specialized hospitals are also outside of the downtown core. These hospitals include the Baycrest Health Sciences geriatric hospital and the Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital for children with disabilities.
Toronto's Discovery District[218] is a centre of research in biomedicine. It is on a 2.5-square-kilometre (620-acre) research park that is integrated into Toronto's downtown core. It is also home to the MaRS Discovery District,[219] which was created in 2000 to capitalize on the research and innovation strength of the province of Ontario. Another institute is the McLaughlin Centre for Molecular Medicine (MCMM).[220]
Toronto is also host to a wide variety of health-focused non-profit organizations that work to address specific illnesses for Toronto, Ontario and Canadian residents. Organizations include Crohn's and Colitis Canada, the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, the Canadian Cancer Society, the Alzheimer Society of Canada, and Alzheimer Society of Ontario, all located in the same office at Yonge–Eglinton, the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society of Canada, the Canadian Breast Cancer Foundation, the Canadian Foundation for AIDS Research, Cystic Fibrosis Canada, the Canadian Mental Health Association, and the ALS Society of Canada.
In 2022, 187 homeless people died in Toronto, with 47 percent dying of drug toxicity, the leading cause.[221] Toronto Public Health described it as an "urgent public health issue", and has responded by opening supervised drug consumption sites, and by advocating for the allowance of personal drug possession.[222]
Public library
Toronto Public Library is the largest public library system in Canada. In 2008, it averaged a higher circulation per capita than any other public library system internationally, making it the largest neighbourhood-based library system in the world.[223] Within North America, it also had the highest circulation and visitors when compared to other large urban systems.[224]
Established as the library of the Mechanics' Institute in 1830, the Toronto Public Library now consists of 100 branch libraries[225] and has over 12 million items in its collection.[224][226][227][228]
Culture and contemporary life
| This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2016) |
.jpg)
Toronto's theatre and performing arts scene has more than fifty ballet and dance companies, six opera companies, two symphony orchestras, many music venues, and a host of theatres. The city is home to the National Ballet of Canada,[229] the Canadian Opera Company,[230] the Toronto Symphony Orchestra,[231] the Canadian Electronic Ensemble, and the Canadian Stage Company. Notable performance venues include the Four Seasons Centre for the Performing Arts, Roy Thomson Hall, the Princess of Wales Theatre, the Royal Alexandra Theatre, Massey Hall, the Meridian Arts Centre (formerly the Toronto Centre for the Arts), the Elgin and Winter Garden Theatres, and the Meridian Hall (originally the "O'Keefe Centre" and formerly the "Hummingbird Centre" and the "Sony Centre for the Performing Arts").
Ontario Place features the world's first permanent IMAX movie theatre, the Cinesphere,[232] as well as the Budweiser Stage (formerly Molson Amphitheatre), an open-air venue for music concerts. In the spring of 2012, Ontario Place closed after declining attendance. Although the Budweiser Stage and harbour still operate, the park and Cinesphere are no longer in use. There are ongoing plans to revitalise Ontario Place.[233]
Each summer, the Canadian Stage Company presents an outdoor Shakespeare production in Toronto's High Park called "Dream in High Park". Canada's Walk of Fame acknowledges the achievements of successful Canadians with a series of stars on designated blocks of sidewalks along King Street and Simcoe Street.
The production of domestic and foreign film and television is a major local industry. As of 2011, Toronto ranks as the third-largest production centre for film and television after Los Angeles and New York City,[234] sharing the nickname "Hollywood North" with Vancouver.[235][236][237] The Toronto International Film Festival is an annual event celebrating the international film industry.[238] Another film festival is the Take 21 (formerly the Toronto Student Film Festival), which screens the works of students 12–18 years of age from many different countries across the globe.
Toronto's Caribana (formerly known as Scotiabank Caribbean Carnival) takes place from mid-July to early August of every summer.[239] Primarily based on the Trinidad and Tobago Carnival, the first Caribana took place in 1967 when the city's Caribbean community celebrated Canada's Centennial. More than forty years later, it has grown to attract one million people to Toronto's Lake Shore Boulevard annually. Tourism for the festival is in the hundreds of thousands, and each year, the event generates over $400 million in revenue for Ontario's economy.[240]
One of the most significant events in the city, Pride Week, takes place in late June and is one of the largest LGBTQ+ festivals in the world.[241]
Food
Sports
| This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2016) |
Toronto is represented in five major league sports, with teams in the National Hockey League (NHL), Major League Baseball (MLB), National Basketball Association (NBA), Canadian Football League (CFL), and Major League Soccer (MLS). It was formerly represented in a sixth and seventh; the USL W-League that announced on November 6, 2015, that it would cease operation ahead of the 2016 season and the Canadian Women's Hockey League ceased operations in May 2019.[242][243][244] The city's major sports venues include the Scotiabank Arena (formerly Air Canada Centre), Rogers Centre (formerly SkyDome), Coca-Cola Coliseum (formerly Ricoh Coliseum), and BMO Field. Toronto is one of six North American cities (alongside Dallas, Chicago, Los Angeles, Washington, D.C., and the New York Tri-state area) to have won titles in its five major leagues (MLB, NHL, NBA, MLS and either NFL or CFL), and the only one to have done so in the Canadian Football League.
Historic sports clubs of Toronto include the Granite Club (established in 1836), the Royal Canadian Yacht Club (established in 1852), the Toronto Cricket Skating and Curling Club (established before 1827), the Argonaut Rowing Club (established in 1872), the Toronto Lawn Tennis Club (established in 1881), and the Badminton and Racquet Club (established in 1924).[245][246]
Professional sports
.jpg)
Toronto is home to the Toronto Maple Leafs, one of the NHL's Original Six clubs, and has also served as home to the Hockey Hall of Fame since 1958.[247] The city had a rich history of hockey championships. Along with the Maple Leafs' 13 Stanley Cup titles, the Toronto Marlboros and St. Michael's College School-based Ontario Hockey League teams, combined, have won a record 12 Memorial Cup titles.[248] The Toronto Marlies of the American Hockey League also play in Toronto at Coca-Cola Coliseum and are the farm team for the Maple Leafs. The Toronto Six, the first Canadian franchise in the National Women's Hockey League, began play with the 2020–21 season.[249]
The city is home to the Toronto Blue Jays MLB baseball team. The team has won two World Series titles (1992, 1993).[250][251] The Blue Jays play their home games at the Rogers Centre in the downtown core. Toronto has a long history of minor-league professional baseball dating back to the 1800s, culminating in the Toronto Maple Leafs baseball team, whose owner first proposed an MLB team for Toronto.[252]
The Toronto Raptors basketball team entered the NBA in 1995 and has since earned eleven playoff spots and five Atlantic Division titles in 24 seasons.[253] They won their first NBA title in 2019.[254] The Raptors are the only NBA team with their own television channel, NBA TV Canada.[255] They play their home games at Scotiabank Arena, which is shared with the Maple Leafs. In 2016, Toronto hosted the 65th NBA All-Star game, the first to be held outside the United States.[256]
The city is represented in Canadian football by the CFL's Toronto Argonauts, which was founded in 1873.[257] The club has won 18 Grey Cup Canadian championship titles. The club's home games are played at BMO Field.
Toronto is represented in soccer by the Toronto FC MLS team, who have won seven Canadian Championship titles, as well as the MLS Cup in 2017 and the Supporters' Shield for best regular season record, also in 2017.[258] They share BMO Field with the Toronto Argonauts. Toronto has a high level of participation in soccer across the city at several smaller stadiums and fields. Toronto FC entered the league as an expansion team in 2007.[259][260]
The Toronto Rock is the city's National Lacrosse League team. They won five National Lacrosse League Cup titles in seven years in the late 1990s and the first decade of the 21st century, appearing in an NLL-record five straight championship games from 1999 to 2003, and are first all-time in the number of Champion's Cups won. The Rock formerly shared the Scotiabank Arena with the Maple Leafs and the Raptors. However, the Toronto Rock moved to the nearby city of Hamilton while retaining its Toronto name.
The Toronto Wolfpack became Canada's first professional rugby league team and the world's first transatlantic professional sports team when they began play in the Rugby Football League's League One competition in 2017.[261] Due to COVID-19 restrictions on international travel the team withdrew from the Super League in 2020 with its future uncertain.[262] The rugby club's ownership changed in 2021, now 'Team Wolfpack' will play in the newly formed North American Rugby League tournament.[263]
Toronto is home to the Toronto Rush, a semi-professional ultimate team that competes in the American Ultimate Disc League (AUDL).[264][265] Ultimate (disc), in Canada, has its beginning roots in Toronto, with 3300 players competing annually in the Toronto Ultimate Club (League).[266]
Toronto has hosted several National Football League (NFL) exhibition games at the Rogers Centre. Ted Rogers leased the Buffalo Bills from Ralph Wilson for the purposes of having the Bills play eight home games in the city between 2008 and 2013.
| Club | League | Sport | Venue | Established | Championships |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Toronto Argonauts | CFL | Canadian football | BMO Field | 1873 | 18 (last in 2022) |
| Toronto Arrows | MLR | Rugby union | York Lions Stadium | 2018 | 0 |
| Toronto Blue Jays | MLB | Baseball | Rogers Centre | 1977 | 2 (last in 1993) |
| Toronto FC | MLS | Soccer | BMO Field | 2007 | 1 (last in 2017) |
| Toronto Lady Lynx | USL | Women's soccer | Rob Ford Stadium | 2005 | 0 |
| Toronto Maple Leafs | NHL | Hockey | Scotiabank Arena | 1917 | 13 (last in 1967) |
| Toronto Marlies | AHL | Hockey | Coca-Cola Coliseum | 2005 | 1 (last in 2018) |
| Toronto Raptors | NBA | Basketball | Scotiabank Arena | 1995 | 1 (last in 2019) |
| Toronto Rock | NLL | Box lacrosse | FirstOntario Centre | 1998 | 6 (last in 2011) |
| Toronto Wolfpack | NARL | Rugby league | Lamport Stadium | 2017 | 1 (in 2017 League 1) |
| York United FC | CPL | Soccer | York Lions Stadium | 2018 | 0 |
| Scarborough Shooting Stars | CEBL | Basketball | Toronto Pan Am Sports Centre | 2021 | 0 |
| Toronto | PWHL | Ice hockey | Mattamy Athletic Centre | 2024 | 0 |
Collegiate sports
The University of Toronto in downtown Toronto was where the first recorded college football game was held in November 1861.[267] Many post-secondary institutions in Toronto are members of U Sports or the Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association, the former for universities and the latter for colleges.
Toronto was home to the International Bowl, an NCAA sanctioned post-season college football game that pitted a Mid-American Conference team against a Big East Conference team. From 2007 to 2010, the game was played at Rogers Centre annually in January.
Events
Toronto, along with Montreal, hosts an annual tennis tournament called the Canadian Open (not to be confused with the identically named golf tournament) between the months of July and August. In odd-numbered years, the men's tournament is held in Montreal, while the women's tournament is held in Toronto, and vice versa in even-numbered years.
The city hosts the Toronto Waterfront Marathon annually, one of the World Athletics Label Road Races.[268] Toronto also hosts the annual Grand Prix of Toronto car race (officially named Honda Indy Toronto), part of the IndyCar Series schedule, held on a street circuit at Exhibition Place.[269] It was known previously as the Champ Car's Molson Indy Toronto from 1986 to 2007. Both thoroughbred and standardbred horse racing events are conducted at Woodbine Racetrack in Rexdale.
Toronto hosted the 2015 Pan American Games in July 2015 and the 2015 Parapan American Games in August 2015. It beat the cities of Lima, Peru, and Bogotá, Colombia, to win the rights to stage the games.[270] The games were the largest multi-sport event ever to be held in Canada (in terms of athletes competing), double the size of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia.[271]
Toronto was a candidate city for the 1996 and 2008 Summer Olympics, which were awarded to Atlanta and Beijing respectively.[272]
Toronto was named as one of 16 cities in North America (and one of two Canadian cities) to host matches for the 2026 FIFA World Cup.[92]
Government and politics
Government
Toronto is a single-tier municipality governed by a mayor–council system. The structure of the municipal government is stipulated by the City of Toronto Act. The mayor of Toronto is elected by direct popular vote to serve as the chief executive of the city. The Toronto City Council is a unicameral legislative body, comprising 25 councillors, since the 2018 municipal election, representing geographical wards throughout the city.[24] The mayor and members of the city council serve four-year terms without term limits. (Until the 2006 municipal election, the mayor and city councillors served three-year terms.)
As of 2016, the city council has twelve standing committees, each consisting of a chair (some have a vice-chair) and several councillors.[273] The mayor names the committee chairs and the remaining members of the committees are appointed by city council. An executive committee is formed by the chairs of each standing committee, the mayor, the deputy mayor and four other councillors. Councillors are also appointed to oversee the Toronto Transit Commission and the Toronto Police Services Board.
The city has four community councils that consider local matters. The City council has delegated final decision-making authority on local, routine matters, while others—like planning and zoning issues—are recommended to the city council. Each city councillor serves as a member of a community council.[273]
There are about 40 subcommittees and advisory committees appointed by the city council. These bodies are made up of city councillors and private citizen volunteers. Examples include the Pedestrian Committee, Waste Diversion Task Force 2010, and the Task Force to Bring Back the Don.[274]
The City of Toronto had an approved operating budget of CA$13.53 billion in 2020 and a ten-year capital budget and plan of CA$43.5 billion.[275] The city's revenues include subsidies from the Government of Canada and the Government of Ontario (for programs mandated by those governments), 33 per cent from property tax, 6 per cent from the land transfer tax and the rest from other tax revenues and user fees.[276] The city's largest operating expenditures are the Toronto Transit Commission at CA$2.14 billion,[277] and the Toronto Police Service, CA$1.22 billion.[278]
Crime
The historically low crime rate in Toronto has resulted in the city having a reputation as one of the safest major cities in North America.[279][280][281] For instance, in 2007, the homicide rate for Toronto was 3.43 per 100,000 people, compared with Atlanta (19.7), Boston (10.3), Los Angeles (10.0), New York City (6.3), Vancouver (3.1), and Montreal (2.6). Toronto's robbery rate also ranks low, with 207.1 robberies per 100,000 people, compared with Los Angeles (348.5), Vancouver (266.2), New York City (265.9), and Montreal (235.3).[282][283][284][285][286][287][excessive citations] Toronto has a comparable rate of car theft to various U.S. cities, although it is not among the highest in Canada.[279]
In 2005, Toronto media coined the term "Year of the Gun" because of a record number of gun-related homicides, 52 out of 80 homicides in total.[281][288] The total number of homicides dropped to 70 in 2006; that year, nearly 2,000 people in Toronto were victims of a violent gun-related crime, about one-quarter of the national total.[289] 86 homicides were committed in 2007, roughly half of which involved guns. Gang-related incidents have also been on the rise; between the years 1997 and 2005, over 300 gang-related homicides have occurred. As a result, the Ontario government developed an anti-gun strategy.[290][291] In 2011, Toronto's murder rate plummeted to 51 murders—nearly a 26% drop from the previous year. The 51 homicides were the lowest number the city has recorded since 1999 when there were 47.[292] While subsequent years did see a return to higher rates, it remained nearly flat line of 57–59 homicides in from 2012 to 2015. 2016 went to 75 for the first time in over eight years. 2017 had a drop off of 10 murders to close the year at 65, with a homicide rate of 2.4 per 100,000 population.[293]
The total number of homicides in Toronto reached a record 98 in 2018; the number included fatalities from the Toronto van attack and the Danforth shooting, which gave the city a homicide rate of around 3.6 per 100,000 people. The record year for murders was previously 1991, with 89, at a rate of 3.9 murders per 100,000 people.[294][295] The 2018 homicide rate was higher than in Winnipeg, Calgary, Edmonton, Vancouver, Ottawa, Montreal, Hamilton, New York City, San Diego, and Austin.[296] Homicides in 2019 dropped to 80 (a rate of 2.9 per 100,000 people) below the rate of most US cities, but still higher than the Canadian average of 1.8.[297] Shooting incidents also increased to an all-time high of 492 in 2019, even outpacing gun incidents that occurred in 2018.[298] 2020 saw another decrease in homicides with the city having a total of 71 murders for the year (a rate of around 2.6 per 100,000 people).[299] However, in 2021, the city saw an increase in homicides, with the city murders increasing to 85, giving Toronto a homicide rate of 3.04 per 100,000 people.[300][301] A decrease in murders happened the following year with 71 being reported in 2022 (a murder rate of 2.5 per 100,000), which was then followed by a slight increase in homicides with 73 being reported in 2023, giving the city a murder rate of 2.6 per 100,000 people, along with a record 12,143 reports of auto theft in the year.[295]
Transportation
_Bandes_cyclables_de_Toronto_(rue_Sherbourne)_(38301287985).jpg)
Toronto is a central transportation hub for road, rail, and air networks in Southern Ontario. The city has many forms of transport, including highways and public transit. Toronto also has an extensive network of bicycle lanes and multi-use trails and paths.
Public transportation
Toronto's primary public transportation system is operated by the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC).[67] The backbone of its public transport network is the Toronto subway system, which includes three heavy-rail rapid transit lines spanning the city, including the U-shaped Line 1, east–west Line 2, and the short east–west Line 4 with Line 1 extending as far beyond city limits as Vaughan Metropolitan Centre.
;_September_2019.jpg)
The TTC also operates an extensive network of buses and streetcars, with the latter serving the downtown core and buses serving many parts of the city not served by the sparse subway network. TTC buses and streetcars use the same fare system as the subway, and many subway stations offer a fare-paid area for transfers between rail and surface vehicles.
.jpg)
There have been numerous plans to extend the subway and implement light-rail lines, but budgetary concerns have thwarted many efforts. By November 2011, construction on Line 5 Eglinton began. Line 5 is scheduled to finish construction by 2024.[302] In 2015, the Ontario government promised to fund Line 6 Finch West, which is to be completed by 2024. In 2019, the Government of Ontario released a transit plan for the Greater Toronto Area which includes a new 16-kilometre (9.9 mi) Ontario Line,[303] Line 1 extension to Richmond Hill Centre,[304] a Line 2 extension to Sheppard Avenue / McCowan Road to replace Line 3, and an extension for Line 5 Eglinton to Toronto Pearson Airport.[305][306]
Toronto's century-old Union Station is also getting a major renovation and upgrade which would be able to accommodate more rail traffic from GO Transit, Via Rail, UP Express and Amtrak.[307] Construction on a new Union Station Bus Terminal is also in the works with an expected completion in 2020.[308] Toronto's public transit network also connects to other municipal networks such as York Region Transit, Viva, Durham Region Transit, Brampton Transit, and MiWay.
The Government of Ontario operates a regional rail and bus transit system called GO Transit in the Greater Toronto Area. GO Transit carries over 250,000 passengers every weekday (2013) and 57 million annually, with a majority of them travelling to or from Union Station.[309][310] Metrolinx is currently implementing Regional Express Rail into its GO Transit network and plans to electrify many of its rail lines by 2030.[311]
.jpg)
Intercity transportation
Toronto Union Station serves as a hub for VIA Rail's intercity services in Central Canada and includes services to various parts of Ontario, Corridor services to Montreal and national capital Ottawa, and long-distance services to Vancouver and New York City.[312]
GO Transit provides intercity bus services from the Union Station Bus Terminal and other bus terminals in the city to destinations within the Golden Horseshoe. Long-distance intercity coach services by multiple companies also operated from the Union Station Bus Terminal and provide a network of services to further cities in Ontario, neighbouring provinces, and the United States. The Toronto Coach Terminal formerly served as the city's intercity coach hub from 1931 to 2021, when the terminal was decommissioned.[313]
Airports
Canada's busiest airport, Toronto Pearson International Airport (IATA: YYZ), straddles the city's western boundary with the suburban city of Mississauga. The Union Pearson Express (UP Express) train service provides a direct link between Pearson International and Union Station. It began carrying passengers in June 2015.[314][better source needed]
Limited commercial and passenger service to nearby destinations in Canada and the United States is offered from the Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport (IATA: YTZ) on the Toronto Islands, southwest of downtown. Buttonville Municipal Airport (IATA: YKZ) in Markham provides general aviation facilities. Downsview Airport (IATA: YZD), near the city's north end, is owned by de Havilland Canada and serves the Bombardier Aviation aircraft factory.
Within a few hours' drive, Hamilton's John C. Munro International Airport (IATA: YHM) and Buffalo's Buffalo Niagara International Airport (IATA: BUF) serve as alternate airports for the Toronto area in addition to serving their respective cities. A secondary international airport, to be located northeast of Toronto in Pickering, has been planned by the Government of Canada.
Streets and highways
The grid of major city streets was laid out by a concession road system, in which major arterial roads are 6,600 ft (2.0 km) apart (with some exceptions, particularly in Scarborough and Etobicoke, as they used a different survey). Major east-west arterial roads are generally parallel with the Lake Ontario shoreline, and major north–south arterial roads are roughly perpendicular to the shoreline, though slightly angled north of Eglinton Avenue. This arrangement is sometimes broken by geographical accidents, most notably the Don River ravines. Toronto's grid north is approximately 18.5° to the west of true north. Many arterials, particularly north–south ones, due to the city originally being within the former York County, continue beyond the city into the 905 suburbs and further into the rural countryside.
There are several municipal expressways and provincial highways that serve Toronto and the Greater Toronto Area. In particular, Highway 401 bisects the city from west to east, bypassing the downtown core. It is the busiest road in North America,[315] and one of the busiest highways in the world.[316][317] Other provincial highways include Highway 400, which connects the city with Northern Ontario and beyond and Highway 404, an extension of the Don Valley Parkway into the northern suburbs. The Queen Elizabeth Way (QEW), North America's first divided intercity highway, terminates at Toronto's western boundary and connects Toronto to Niagara Falls and Buffalo. The main municipal expressways in Toronto include the Gardiner Expressway, the Don Valley Parkway, and, to some extent, Allen Road. Toronto's traffic congestion is one of the highest in North America, and is the second highest in Canada after Vancouver.[318]
Sister cities
Partnership cities
Friendship cities
- Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (2006)[319]
- Kyiv, Ukraine (1992)[319]
- Quito, Ecuador (2006)[319]
- Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (2015)[319]
- Sagamihara, Japan (1991)[319]
- Warsaw, Poland (1990)[319]
Notable people
See also
- Outline of Toronto (extensive topic list)
- Great Lakes megalopolis
- Largest cities in the Americas
- List of metropolitan areas in the Americas
Notes
- ^ The motto is typically rendered without punctuation, while the city's coat of arms uses typographical bullets to space the words used in the motto. However, some sources from the municipal government of Toronto use punctuation to describe the motto as "Diversity, Our Strength."[3]
- ^ Humidex, wind chill, average rain, average snow, rain days, snow days, and sunshine are from 1981–2010
- ^ Maximum and minimum temperature data at The Annex was recorded by human observers from March 1840 to June 2003 under the station name "TORONTO". From July 2003 to present, climate data has been recorded by an automatic weather station under the name "TORONTO CITY".[133]
- ^ 9-1-1 is the phone number for local emergency services, although GSM providers will also redirect phone calls made to 1-1-2 to local emergency services.
References
- ^ "History of City Symbols". www.toronto.ca. City of Toronto. 2020. Archived from the original on August 12, 2021. Retrieved October 27, 2020.
- ^ Harzig, Christiane; Juteau, Danielle; Schmitt, Irina (2006). The Social Construction of Diversity: Recasting the Master Narrative of Industrial Nations. Berghahn Books. p. 310. ISBN 978-1-57181-376-3.
In reflecting and capturing this sense of the city, one of the first actions of the newly amalgamated Toronto City Council in 1998 was to adopt "Diversity Our Strength" as its official motto.
- ^ City of Toronto Government (August 18, 2017). "Equity, Diversity & Inclusion". Archived from the original on October 9, 2020. Retrieved October 27, 2020.
- ^ "Toronto". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
- ^ "Toronto (Code 3520005) Census Profile". 2016 census. Government of Canada - Statistics Canada. Retrieved February 12, 2017.
- ^ "Population and dwelling counts, for population centres, 2011 and 2006 censuses". 2011 Census of Population. Statistics Canada. January 13, 2014. Archived from the original on October 26, 2014. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
- ^ "Population and dwelling counts, for census metropolitan areas, 2011 and 2006 censuses". 2011 Census of Population. Statistics Canada. January 13, 2014. Archived from the original on June 22, 2012. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
- ^ "Census Profile, 2021 Census". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Archived from the original on February 10, 2022. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
- ^ "Gross domestic product (GDP) at basic prices, by census metropolitan area (CMA)". December 6, 2023. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
- ^ a b Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (February 9, 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on February 9, 2022. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
- ^ "Portrait of the Canadian Population in 2006: Subprovincial population dynamics, Greater Golden Horseshoe". Statistics Canada, 2006 Census of Population. Archived from the original on January 30, 2018.
- ^ Robert Vipond (April 24, 2017). Making a Global City: How One Toronto School Embraced Diversity. University of Toronto Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-1-4426-2443-6.
- ^ David P. Varady (February 2012). Desegregating the City: Ghettos, Enclaves, and Inequality. SUNY Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-7914-8328-2.
- ^ Ute Husken; Frank Neubert (November 7, 2011). Negotiating Rites. Oxford University Press. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-19-981230-1.
- ^ "First Peoples, 9000 BCE to 1600 CE – The History of Toronto: An 11,000-Year Journey – Virtual Exhibits | City of Toronto". toronto.ca. Archived from the original on April 16, 2015. Retrieved April 30, 2015.
- ^ Johnson & Wilson 1989, p. 34.
- ^ "The early history of York & Upper Canada". Dalzielbarn.com. Archived from the original on July 14, 2015. Retrieved July 14, 2015.
- ^ "The Battle of York, 200 years ago, shaped Toronto and Canada: Editorial". thestar.com. April 21, 2013. Archived from the original on July 11, 2015. Retrieved July 14, 2015.
- ^ Mangione, Kendra (March 6, 2014). "Timeline: 180 years of Toronto history". Toronto. Archived from the original on May 8, 2015. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
- ^ Citizenship and Immigration Canada (September 2006). "Canada-Ontario-Toronto Memorandum of Understanding on Immigration and Settlement (electronic version)". Archived from the original on March 11, 2007. Retrieved March 1, 2007.
- ^ Flew, Janine; Humphries, Lynn; Press, Limelight; McPhee, Margaret (2004). The Children's Visual World Atlas. Sydney, Australia: Fog City Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-74089-317-6.
- ^ "Diversity – Toronto Facts – Your City". City of Toronto. Archived from the original on April 6, 2015. Retrieved April 2, 2015.
- ^ "Social Development, Finance & Administration" (PDF). toronto.ca. City of Toronto. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 18, 2016. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
- ^ a b "Council Members". toronto.ca. City of Toronto. Archived from the original on July 15, 2016. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
- ^ "Music – Key Industry Sectors". City of Toronto. Archived from the original on July 28, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
- ^ "Quality of Life – Arts and Culture". Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
- ^ "Film & Television – Key Industry Sectors". City of Toronto. Archived from the original on July 28, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
- ^ "Made here. Seen everywhere. – Film in Toronto". City of Toronto. Archived from the original on July 28, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
- ^ "Ontario's Entertainment and Creative Cluster" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 28, 2016. Retrieved July 3, 2015.
- ^ "Culture, The Creative City". Toronto Press Room. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved July 10, 2015.
- ^ "Cultural Institutions in the Public Realm" (PDF). Eraarch.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2016. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
- ^ "Tourism – City of Toronto". toronto.ca. City of Toronto. August 7, 2017. Archived from the original on July 13, 2019. Retrieved September 4, 2019.
- ^ Rider, David (January 24, 2018). "No end in sight for tourists' love affair with Toronto". thestar.com. Archived from the original on September 4, 2019. Retrieved September 4, 2019.
- ^ Melanson, Trevor (September 24, 2012). "What Toronto's skyline will look like in 2020". Canadian Business. Archived from the original on May 8, 2015. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
- ^ Plummer, Kevin (September 4, 2007). "The CN Tower is Dead. Long Live The CN Tower!". torontoist.com. Archived from the original on April 3, 2015. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
- ^ Duffy 2004, p. 154.
- ^ Dinnie 2011, p. 21.
- ^ "Industry Sector Support – City of Toronto". toronto.ca. July 14, 2017. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
- ^ ICF Consulting (February 2000). "Toronto Competes". toronto.ca. Archived from the original on January 27, 2007. Retrieved March 1, 2007.
- ^ "Business Toronto – Key Business Sectors". Investtoronto.ca. Archived from the original on May 10, 2015. Retrieved April 30, 2015.
- ^ a b Metz, Cade (March 21, 2022). "Toronto, the Quietly Booming Tech Town". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 14, 2023. Retrieved April 17, 2022.
- ^ Guillet 1969, p. 49.
- ^ Natural Resources Canada.
- ^ "The real story of how Toronto got its name". geonnames.nrcan.gc.ca. Natural Resources Canada (2005). Archived from the original on October 16, 2006. Retrieved December 8, 2006.
- ^ Gray, Jeff (October 17, 2003). "A defining moment for tkaronto". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on March 3, 2021. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
- ^ Natural Resources Canada: Canada, Provinces & Territories: The naming of their capital cities.
- ^ Hounsom 1970, p. 26.
- ^ a b Hounsom 1970, p. 27.
- ^ Bergin, Caitlin. "Chranna? Turono? Toe-ron-toe? Sociophonetic perception in the pronunciation of "Toronto"" (PDF). Carleton University. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 1, 2022.
- ^ Crystal, David (1995). Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 341.
- ^ Gallinger, Zack; Motskin, Arik (June 1, 2018). "This is How Canada Talks" (PDF). The 10 and 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 17, 2023.
- ^ a b Firth 1962, p. 3.
- ^ Schmalz 1991.
- ^ "Fort Rouillé". Jarvis Collegiate Institute. 2006. Archived from the original on September 13, 2012. Retrieved December 8, 2006.
- ^ Natives and newcomers, 1600–1793 Archived March 6, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, City of Toronto (2006). Retrieved December 8, 2006.
- ^ "History of Ontario's Legislative Buildings". ontario.ca. Government of Ontario. Archived from the original on October 22, 2009. Retrieved July 13, 2007.
- ^ "Welcome to the birthplace of Toronto". fortyork.ca. Friends of Fort York (2006). Archived from the original on February 21, 2011. Retrieved December 8, 2006.
- ^ "Battle of York". Archived from the original on August 20, 2007. Retrieved July 10, 2007.
- ^ "An act to extend the limits of the Town of York, to erect the said Town into a City, and to incorporate it under the name of the City of Toronto. (Passed 6th March, 1834)". digitalarchive.tpl.ca. Retrieved October 5, 2024.
- ^ "Black history at the City of Toronto Archives". City of Toronto. 2009. Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved March 13, 2009.
- ^ "Slavery Abolition Act 1833 (repealed November 19, 1998)". legislation.gov.uk. UK Government. Archived from the original on September 14, 2017. Retrieved September 13, 2017.
- ^ Robertson 1894, p. 25.
- ^ "Orange Order in Canada | The Canadian Encyclopedia". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Archived from the original on March 16, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2023.
- ^ "Canada Provinces". Statoids.com. Archived from the original on February 23, 2011. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ "Province of Canada : Second Class Certificate". Freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com. Archived from the original (JPG) on April 7, 2016. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
- ^ Preston, Richard. Canada's RMC: A History of the Royal Military College of Canada. RMC Club by U of Toronto Press.
- ^ a b "Toronto transit chief says searches unlikely". CTV News. July 24, 2005. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007.
- ^ Oeter Morris (August 6, 1992). Embattled Shadows: A History of Canadian Cinema, 1895–1939. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. pp. 38–. ISBN 978-0-7735-6072-7.
- ^ Mike Filey (June 1, 1999). Mount Pleasant Cemetery: An Illustrated Guide: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded. Dundurn. pp. 74–. ISBN 978-1-4597-1310-9.
- ^ "Oil Fire Menaces Toronto". The Evening Citizen. Ottawa. February 12, 1948. p. 1. Archived from the original on October 16, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
- ^ "Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto Act". e-laws.gov.on.ca. Government of Ontario. 2000. Archived from the original on January 5, 2011. Retrieved December 29, 2006.
- ^ "SOS! Canadian Disasters". collectionscanada.gc.ca. Library and Archives Canada. 2006. Archived from the original on June 14, 2011. Retrieved December 19, 2008.
- ^ Witten, David (2016). "Why is Toronto Called the Six". mathwizurd.com. Archived from the original on May 6, 2017. Retrieved June 2, 2017.
- ^ "Westward ho? The shifting geography of corporate power in Canada". Journal of Canadian Studies. 2002. Archived from the original on March 30, 2008. Retrieved January 14, 2007.
- ^ Chidley, Joe; Hawelshka, Danilo. Toronto's struggle against amalgamation Archived December 16, 2019, at the Wayback Machine. Maclean's, March 17, 1997.
- ^ "Legislative Reports". Canadian Parliamentary Review. Archived from the original on January 1, 2013.
- ^ "1997 Toronto general election results". City of Toronto. 1997. Archived from the original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
- ^ Mansbridge, Peter; Adrienne Arsenault (January 13, 1999). "Toronto calls in troops to fight massive snowstorm". CBC News. Toronto. Archived from the original on May 26, 2024. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
- ^ "An oral history of the time Toronto called in the army to deal with the snow". nationalpost.com. January 10, 2019. Archived from the original on March 17, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
- ^ Barnes, Alan (January 16, 1999). 'World class wimps' receive little sympathy, The Toronto Star, p. A22.
- ^ CBC News Staff (2008). "Mel Lastman: Selling himself to a city". CBC News. Toronto. Archived from the original on June 12, 2008. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
- ^ Laurance, Jeremy (April 23, 2003). "One family went on holiday – and made Toronto a global pariah". The Independent. Archived from the original on May 22, 2018. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
- ^ "Blackout 2003: Ontario in the dark". Global News. Archived from the original on April 30, 2021. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
- ^ "More than 1,000 people detained during G20 summit in Toronto can sue police". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media Limited. April 7, 2016. Archived from the original on July 17, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2016.
- ^ "Environment Canada answers the question: Where was Toronto's severe thunderstorm warning?". Global Toronto. July 9, 2013. Archived from the original on July 14, 2013. Retrieved July 18, 2013.
- ^ "Ice storm: Toronto Hydro CEO promises power within hours to remaining customers | Toronto Star". Thestar.com. December 29, 2013. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 23, 2014.
- ^ Mathieu, Emily (June 29, 2014). "Showing off a world of Pride". Toronto Star. Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd. Archived from the original on August 16, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2016.
- ^ "Official Site". toronto2015.org. TORONTO 2015 Pan Am / Parapan Am Games. Archived from the original on July 1, 2019. Retrieved July 15, 2016.
- ^ Frank Clayton and Hong Yun (Eva) Shi (May 31, 2019). "WOW! Toronto Was the Second Fastest Growing Metropolitan Area and the Top Growing City in All of the United States and Canada". Centre for Urban Research and Land Development – Ryerson University. Archived from the original on November 12, 2019. Retrieved December 6, 2019.
- ^ "Ontario Confirms First Case of Wuhan Novel Coronavirus". Government of Ontario. January 25, 2020. Archived from the original on January 29, 2020.
- ^ "Tracking every case of COVID-19 in Canada". Coronavirus. March 13, 2020. Archived from the original on March 15, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
- ^ a b Fox, Chris (June 16, 2022). "Toronto selected as host site for 2026 FIFA World Cup". CTV News. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Archived from the original on August 8, 2022. Retrieved August 7, 2022.
- ^ Population statistics and land area Archived March 17, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Statistics Canada (2001). Retrieved December 5, 2006.
- ^ "Getting Here". toronto.ca. City of Toronto. Archived from the original on July 5, 2007. Retrieved February 14, 2008.
- ^ "City of Toronto: Toronto at a Glance, Geography". Toronto.ca. City of Toronto. November 14, 2017. Archived from the original on April 25, 2018. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
- ^ "A brief history of the Lake Iroquois shoreline in Toronto". www.blogto.com. Archived from the original on April 14, 2020. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
- ^ "Don River Valley Historical Mapping Project". Maps.library.utoronto.ca. Archived from the original on May 24, 2016. Retrieved July 14, 2016.
- ^ Longley, Richard (September 14, 2017). "Tempestuous isle: A tragic history of Toronto Islands". NOW Magazine. Archived from the original on February 15, 2018. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
- ^ "Edwardian Residential Architecture In Toronto – Urbaneer – Toronto Real Estate, Blog, Condos, Homes". www.urbaneer.com. Archived from the original on April 13, 2021. Retrieved April 4, 2021.
- ^ "History of Wychwood Park". torontoneighbourhoods.net. Maple Tree Publishing. Archived from the original on August 22, 2016. Retrieved July 16, 2016.
- ^ "Casa Loma". casaloma.org. Liberty Entertainment Group. Archived from the original on July 12, 2016. Retrieved July 16, 2016.
- ^ "Spadina Museum: Historic House & Gardens". toronto.ca. City of Toronto. Archived from the original on July 4, 2016. Retrieved July 16, 2016.
- ^ Usmani, Zain (March 27, 2023). "Toronto Neighbourhoods | Ethnic Enclaves to Discover - Prepare For Canada". www.prepareforcanada.com. Archived from the original on April 10, 2023. Retrieved April 10, 2023.
- ^ a b c "Toronto: A Tale Of Three Cities | Smart Cities Dive". www.smartcitiesdive.com. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved April 4, 2021.
- ^ "Quick comparisons between Toronto's and Chicago's street grids". Spacing Toronto. October 23, 2013. Archived from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved April 4, 2021.
- ^ Fox, Paul L. (March 12, 1953). "Plan town of 45,000 on Don Mills farms; Will cost 10,000,000". Toronto Star. p. 3.
- ^ "Toronto Chronology". Ontario Genealogy Society – Toronto Branch. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007.
- ^ Matthews, Geoffrey J.; Measner, Don (January 1, 1987). Historical Atlas of Canada: The land transformed, 1800–1891. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-3447-2. Archived from the original on September 14, 2023. Retrieved April 12, 2021.
- ^ R, Thais. "Why Is Toronto Called Hogtown?". New Canadian Life. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved April 4, 2021.
- ^ a b "Junction Stockyards". torontohistory.net. Toronto Historical Association. Archived from the original on September 14, 2017. Retrieved September 13, 2017.
- ^ Flack, Derek (August 24, 2011). "What King West looked like in the 1980s". blogTO. Archived from the original on September 14, 2017. Retrieved September 13, 2017.
- ^ Gibson 2008.
- ^ "Port Lands Acceleration Initiative – City Planning – Your City". City of Toronto. Archived from the original on February 5, 2017. Retrieved February 4, 2017.
- ^ "Ashbridge's Bay". Leslieville Historical Society. April 13, 2015. Archived from the original on February 5, 2017. Retrieved February 4, 2017.
- ^ "City Announces Next Steps in Port Lands Revitalization | Urban Toronto". urbantoronto.ca. Archived from the original on February 5, 2017. Retrieved February 4, 2017.
- ^ "East Harbour". eastharbour.ca. First Gulf. Archived from the original on September 14, 2017. Retrieved September 13, 2017.
- ^ Takhar, Jas (February 12, 2020). "The History of Toronto Architecture". Medium. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved April 4, 2021.
- ^ "Toronto Architecture". Archived from the original on November 1, 2011.
- ^ Dubai building surpasses CN Tower in height, CTV Television Network (2007); retrieved September 13, 2007.
- ^ Taylor, Bill (September 13, 2007). "CN Tower no longer world's tallest". Toronto Star. Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd. Archived from the original on August 16, 2016. Retrieved July 16, 2016.
- ^ Most of these buildings are residential. In contrast, the central business district contains commercial office towers. There has been recent attention given to the need to retrofit many of these buildings, which were constructed beginning in the 1950s as residential apartment blocks to accommodate a quickly growing population. As of November 2011, the city had 132 high-rise buildings under construction. "Highrises? We're tops on the continent". Toronto Star. TheStar.com. October 5, 2011. Some 132 tall buildings are currently rising in Toronto, by far the most in North America. Archived from the original on April 18, 2014. Retrieved April 18, 2014.
- ^ "Toronto's Cultural Renaissance". livewithculture.ca. City of Toronto. 2005. Archived from the original on November 11, 2007.
- ^ "The Distillery Historic District". Toronto.com. Archived from the original on July 11, 2016. Retrieved July 16, 2016.
- ^ Alcoba, Natalie (August 27, 2014). "Toronto's 'Manhattanization': Downtown development growing at 'mind blowing' rate". National Post. Archived from the original on August 6, 2016. Retrieved June 28, 2015.
- ^ a b "Canadian Climate Normals 1991–2020". Environment and Climate Change Canada. March 27, 2024. Archived from the original on May 6, 2024. Retrieved May 6, 2024.
- ^ Peel, M. C.; Finlayson, B. L.; McMahon, T. A. (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification" (PDF). Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11 (5): 1633–1644. Bibcode:2007HESS...11.1633P. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. ISSN 1027-5606. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 3, 2012. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
- ^ "World Map of Köppen-Geiger climate classification – 1971–2000 normals" (PDF). koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 15, 2017. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
- ^ "Canada's Plant Hardiness Site". Planthardiness.gc.ca. Government of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
- ^ "Plant Hardiness Zones of Canada". agr.gc.ca. Government of Canada, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. Archived from the original on July 27, 2017. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
- ^ a b "What are we studying and why?" (PDF). Toronto's Future Weather and Climate Driver Study. City of Toronto. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 20, 2015. Retrieved September 20, 2015.
- ^ a b c d e "Why is Weather in Toronto the way it is?" (PDF). Toronto's Future Weather and Climate Driver Study. City of Toronto. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 20, 2015. Retrieved September 20, 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f "Weather Expectations". City of Toronto. Archived from the original on September 9, 2015. Retrieved September 20, 2015.
- ^ a b c d "Toronto (City)". 1991 to 2020 Canadian Climate Normals. Environment and Climate Change Canada. March 27, 2024. Climate ID: 6158350. Retrieved May 6, 2024.
- ^ Chief, David Rider City Hall Bureau (September 26, 2019). "City of Toronto aiming to be carbon neutral by 2050 or earlier". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on January 3, 2024. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
- ^ "Daily Data Report for July 1936". Canadian Climate Data. Environment Canada. March 27, 2024. Archived from the original on May 6, 2024. Retrieved May 6, 2024.
- ^ "Toronto". 1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals. Environment and Climate Change Canada. September 18, 2023. Climate ID: 6158350. Archived from the original on September 25, 2023. Retrieved September 27, 2023.
- ^ "Iconic Toronto sign starting to show wear, needs funding to survive". CityNews Toronto. June 21, 2016. Archived from the original on May 17, 2020. Retrieved May 3, 2020.
- ^ "Urban Design: Cloud Garden Park". Lost Streams, Toronto, Web site. Archived from the original on March 8, 2008. Retrieved March 27, 2009.
- ^ "Parks Listings". City of Toronto. March 6, 2017. Archived from the original on December 16, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ a b Armstrong, James; McAllister, Mark (April 5, 2013). "Toronto boasts thousands of hectares of parkland". Global News. Archived from the original on October 3, 2015. Retrieved October 1, 2015.
- ^ "Ontario hands over last piece of land for Rouge National Urban Park, but skeptics remain". CBCNews. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. October 22, 2017. Archived from the original on March 20, 2018. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
- ^ "Toronto Population". Canada Population. Archived from the original on June 3, 2019. Retrieved June 3, 2019.
- ^ "Census of Canada, 1890–91 = Recensement du Cana... – Canadiana Online". www.canadiana.ca. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
- ^ "Census of Canada, 1880–81 = Recensement du Canada, 1880–81". canadiana.ca. p. 406. Archived from the original on July 16, 2020. Retrieved July 15, 2020.
- ^ "Census of the Canadas, 1860–61". canadiana.com. p. 78. Archived from the original on July 16, 2020. Retrieved July 15, 2020.
- ^ "Census of the Canadas, 1851-2". canadiana.ca. p. A38. Archived from the original on July 16, 2020. Retrieved July 15, 2020.
- ^ "Censuses of Canada, 1665 to 1871 : statistics o... – Canadiana Online". www.canadiana.ca. Archived from the original on January 29, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
- ^ "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), Ontario". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Archived from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved March 27, 2022.
- ^ "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Archived from the original on March 27, 2022. Retrieved March 28, 2022.
- ^ a b c d "Census Profile, 2016 Census: Toronto, City [Census subdivision], Ontario and Canada [Country]". Statistics Canada. Retrieved October 31, 2017.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 26, 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on November 11, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e "Focus on Geography Series, 2016 Census: Toronto, City (CSD) – Ontario: Immigration and Ethnocultural diversity". Statistics Canada. Archived from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
- ^ a b Francine Kopun; Nicholas Keung (December 5, 2007). "A city of unmatched diversity". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on October 16, 2008. Retrieved October 7, 2008.
- ^ "A few frank words about immigration". The Globe and Mail. October 7, 2010. Archived from the original on February 20, 2014. Retrieved February 8, 2014.
- ^ "National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011". statcan.gc.ca. Government of Canada. May 8, 2013. Archived from the original on April 9, 2014. Retrieved April 18, 2014.
- ^ "Toronto in Transition: Demographic Change in the Late Twentieth Century Archived March 10, 2012, at the Wayback Machine". (PDF). CERIS – The Ontario Metropolis Centre.
- ^ Javed, Noor (March 10, 2010). "Visible Minority Will Mean White by 2013". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
- ^ Jeff Clark (2013). "Toronto Visible Minorities" (Map). Neoformix. Archived from the original on November 9, 2015. Retrieved September 12, 2015.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (February 9, 2022). "Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Toronto, City (C) [Census subdivision], Ontario". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on February 9, 2022. Retrieved September 6, 2023.
- ^ a b c d "Census Profile, 2016 Census – Toronto – Ontario – Language Profile". statcan.gc.ca. Stats Canada. August 9, 2019. Archived from the original on January 14, 2020. Retrieved September 7, 2019.
- ^ "French Language Services Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. F.32". ontario.ca. Queen's Printer for Ontario. 2019. Archived from the original on June 23, 2019. Retrieved September 7, 2019.
- ^ "9-1-1 = EMERGENCY in any language". toronto.ca. City of Toronto. Archived from the original on October 28, 2014. Retrieved January 5, 2007.
- ^ Various Languages Spoken – Toronto Archived April 8, 2020, at the Wayback Machine CMA, Statistics Canada (2006); retrieved September 9, 2009.
- ^ Language used at work by mother tongue in Toronto Archived April 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine CMA, Statistics Canada (2001). Retrieved December 5, 2006.
- ^ Language used at work by mother tongue (City of Toronto) Archived April 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Statistics Canada (2001); retrieved December 5, 2006.
- ^ Market Statistics Archived February 9, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Toronto Stock Exchange (2006). Retrieved May 11, 2007.
- ^ Schwartzmann, Phil (April 13, 2015). "Inside the Big Five: It's All About Interconnection in Downtown Toronto". The Equinix Blog. Archived from the original on August 13, 2023. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
- ^ Oram, Roderick (January 19, 1977). "In Canadian Banking, Big Five Dominate the Action". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 13, 2023. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
- ^ "Largest Employers in Toronto Area". www.profitworks.ca. Profit Works. Archived from the original on February 18, 2024. Retrieved February 18, 2024.
- ^ "EI Economic Region of Toronto". services.gc.ca. Government of Canada. Archived from the original on August 20, 2016. Retrieved July 16, 2016.
- ^ "Cost of Living in Canada". Numbeo. Archived from the original on September 28, 2017. Retrieved November 4, 2017.
- ^ "America: Cost of Living Index by City 2017 Mid-Year". Numbeo. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 4, 2017.
- ^ "Are We Making Any Progress in Reducing Poverty in Toronto?". TorontoVitalSigns.ca. Archived from the original on March 19, 2016. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
- ^ O'Neil, Lauren (May 19, 2021). "Toronto is now the fastest-growing financial centre in North America". blogto.com. Archived from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ Media Job Search Canada Archived April 14, 2015, at the Wayback Machine Media Job Search Canada (2003). Retrieved May 8, 2007.
- ^ "About the Star". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ Powell, Chris. "Vancity Buzz launches in Toronto and Montreal". Archived from the original on August 9, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2019.
- ^ "Ontario reaches record high levels of film, TV production in 2022". CBC.ca. Archived from the original on December 30, 2023. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
- ^ a b "Who We Are". trreb.ca. Archived from the original on August 18, 2020. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
- ^ Silagadze, Mike (August 15, 2018). "Toronto's Tech Scene Is Having A Moment, But Not For The Reason You'd Think". Forbes. Archived from the original on August 5, 2021. Retrieved August 5, 2021.
- ^ "York Region an Integral Leader in Digital Corridor - Techvibes.com". www.techvibes.com. September 8, 2014. Archived from the original on November 19, 2015. Retrieved November 18, 2015.
- ^ "Toronto rises to 3rd in the CBRE's 2019 Scoring Tech Talent report based on strong job growth and low costs, Ottawa placed 19th, while Hamilton and Waterloo rank among North America's top three-up and coming tech markets". Invest Ontario. November 3, 2022. Archived from the original on August 13, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ Genome, Startup. "Startup Genome". Startup Genome. Archived from the original on November 1, 2023. Retrieved November 1, 2023.
- ^ "Toronto's Visitor Economy" (PDF). Tourism Economics. 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 28, 2022. Retrieved March 12, 2022.
- ^ "Toronto Eaton Centre | Tourism Toronto". www.seetorontonow.com. Archived from the original on July 2, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
- ^ "PATH – Toronto's Downtown Underground Pedestrian Walkway – Getting Here & Around – Visitor Information Services | City of Toronto". Archived from the original on June 20, 2014. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
- ^ City of Toronto, Attractions Archived June 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, City of Toronto. Retrieved on December 3, 2006.
- ^ "About the Toronto Zoo". torontozoo.com. Toronto Zoo. Archived from the original on September 11, 2007. Retrieved October 11, 2007.
- ^ Buhasz, Laszlo (May 7, 2003). "Uncaging the zoo". Globe and Mail. Toronto. Archived from the original on April 11, 2008. Retrieved October 11, 2007.
- ^ "Design Exchange – Toronto's Best Private Events Venue". designexchangetoronto.com. Archived from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ "Toronto History Museums – Spadina Museum". Toronto.ca. November 23, 2017. Archived from the original on December 6, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ "CNE – About Us]". cnedirect.com. Canadian National Exhibition. 2006. Archived from the original on May 9, 2012. Retrieved December 29, 2006.
- ^ "Shopping in Queen West". Destination Toronto. Archived from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ Faba, Neil (June 20, 2018). "Find the best things to do in Harbourfront". USA Today 10 Best. Archived from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ City of Toronto (2007). "Who uses the square (Demographics)]". Yonge Dundas Square. Archived from the original on January 9, 2009. Retrieved April 12, 2008.
- ^ "Welcome to the Taste of the Danforth". Archived from the original on April 1, 2007. Retrieved July 7, 2007.
- ^ "The Official site of the Hockey Hall of Fame – Tickets & Visitor Info". hhof.com. Archived from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ "Neighbourhood: The Beaches". Destination Toronto. Archived from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ "About Us". tdsb.on.ca. Toronto District School Board. Archived from the original on November 28, 2016. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
- ^ "Secteur de Toronto" (in French). Conseil scolaire Viamonde. 2019. Archived from the original on February 23, 2019. Retrieved February 22, 2019.
- ^ "Écoles" (in French). Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir. 2019. Archived from the original on February 23, 2019. Retrieved February 22, 2019.
- ^ "Nos écoles secondaires" (in French). Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir. 2019. Archived from the original on February 23, 2019. Retrieved February 22, 2019.
- ^ "History Overview – Tyndale University". Tyndale.ca. Archived from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ "Who we are – Canadian Film Centre". cfccreates.com. Archived from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ "Why Study at The Glenn Gould School?". rcmusic.com. Archived from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ "About us – Royal Conservatory of Music". rcmusic.com. Archived from the original on December 6, 2022. Retrieved January 1, 2023.
- ^ "ONtario universities". www.ontario.ca. King's Printer for Ontario. December 15, 2023. Archived from the original on November 28, 2023. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
- ^ "About U of T". utoronto.ca. Archived from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ "About York: Join our community". yorku.ca. Archived from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ a b "Eligible Post-Secondary Schools". www.ttc.ca. Toronto Transit Commission. 2023. Archived from the original on December 25, 2023. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
- ^ "Our Story". www.guelphhumber.ca. University of Guelph-Humber. Archived from the original on December 25, 2023. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
- ^ "Northeastern in Toronto". toronto.northeastern.edu. Northeastern University. Archived from the original on December 25, 2023. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
- ^ "Ontario colleges". www.ontario.ca. King's Printer for Ontario. July 6, 2023. Archived from the original on December 25, 2023. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
- ^ "About Sickkids". sickkids.ca. Archived from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ "Mount Sinai Hospital History". sinaihealth.ca. Archived from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ "Who we are – St Michaels Hospital". unityhealth.to. Archived from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ "History and Founding Partners". nygh.on.ca. Archived from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ Toronto Discovery District FAQ Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Toronto Discovery District (2006). Retrieved December 5, 2006.
- ^ "Medical and Related Sciences Centre". marsdd.com. Medical and Related Sciences Centre. 2006. Archived from the original on December 5, 2006. Retrieved December 5, 2006.
- ^ "McLaughlin Centre for Molecular Medicine (MCMM)". mclaughlin.utoronto.ca. 2006. Archived from the original on September 1, 2010. Retrieved December 5, 2006.
- ^ Mehrabi, Kimia Afshar (March 17, 2023). "Shocking number of people experiencing homelessness died on Toronto streets in 2022". blogTO. Archived from the original on March 17, 2023. Retrieved March 17, 2023.
- ^ "Toronto Public Health releases 2022 data for deaths of people experiencing homelessness". Toronto Public Health. March 17, 2023. Archived from the original on March 17, 2023. Retrieved March 17, 2023.
- ^ "The Great Equalizer: Toronto Public Library". Cities of Migration. April 16, 2013. Archived from the original on December 25, 2015. Retrieved August 5, 2021.
- ^ a b "2009 Annual Performance Measures and Strategic Plan Update" (PDF). Toronto Public Library. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 10, 2016. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
- ^ Pelley, Lauren (May 20, 2015). "Toronto Public Library opens 100th branch in Scarborough". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
- ^ Kupferman, Steve (May 28, 2014). "Fort York gets the ultimate condo amenity: a flashy new public library". Toronto Life. Toronto Life Publishing Company. Archived from the original on May 29, 2014. Retrieved May 29, 2014.
- ^ "Message from the Mayor" (PDF). Toronto Public Library Strategic Plan 2000–2008. Toronto Public Library Board. 2000. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
- ^ "History of Toronto Public Library". Toronto Public Library. 2011. Archived from the original on May 9, 2019. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
- ^ "About The National Ballet of Canada". national.ballet.ca. Archived from the original on April 2, 2020. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ "About The COC". coc.ca. Archived from the original on January 27, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2023.
- ^ "The Official website of the Toronto Symphony Orchestra". tso.ca. Archived from the original on June 29, 2012. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ "Corporate History". IMAX.com. Archived from the original on November 15, 2012. Retrieved December 3, 2012.
- ^ "$100M revitalization plan for Ontario Place". Toronto Sun. Archived from the original on September 16, 2016. Retrieved July 16, 2016.
- ^ "Film and Television Industry: 2011 Year in Review" (PDF). toronto.ca. City of Toronto. September 1, 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 7, 2012.
- ^ Scott, Vernon. "Toronto Now Called Hollywood of North". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. p. 12B. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved June 10, 2011.
- ^ "New numbers confirm Toronto's rank as Hollywood North". toronto.ca. City of Toronto. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved January 1, 2007.
- ^ "SARS costs for 'Hollywood North' and more". CBC News. March 9, 2004. Archived from the original on March 30, 2008. Retrieved January 1, 2007.
- ^ Cheese, Tyler (September 15, 2023). "TIFF generates big bucks for Toronto, Will the Hollywood actor's strike change that?". CBC News. Archived from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ Toronto Caribbean Carnival (Caribana) Festival 2006 Archived February 9, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, WORD Magazine (2006). They were retrieved on December 11, 2006.
- ^ "The Caribana success story". Toronto Star. May 3, 2010. Archived from the original on May 10, 2010. Retrieved June 1, 2010.
- ^ Smith, Ainsley (June 11, 2018). "Toronto named one of the world's best places to celebrate Pride". Daily Hive. Archived from the original on October 19, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2019.
- ^ "News from wleaguesoccer.com". Archived from the original on November 19, 2015.
- ^ "Equalizer Soccer – USL W-League, once top flight, folds after 21 seasons". Equalizersoccer.com. Archived from the original on March 16, 2016. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
- ^ "The Canadian Women's Hockey League to Discontinue Operations". Canadian Women's Hockey League. March 31, 2019. Archived from the original on May 2, 2019. Retrieved May 8, 2019.
- ^ "RCYC Story: Over a Century And A Half of Leadership". rcyc.ca. Archived from the original on December 31, 2023. Retrieved December 31, 2023.
- ^ "Guest Information – Granite Club". graniteclub.com. Archived from the original on December 31, 2023. Retrieved December 31, 2023.
- ^ "Toronto Maple Leafs History". National Hockey League. Archived from the original on April 15, 2022. Retrieved December 31, 2023.
- ^ "Toronto Maple Leafs Historical Statistics and All-Time Leaders". Hockey-Reference.com. Archived from the original on December 31, 2023. Retrieved December 31, 2023.
- ^ Donkin, Karissa (December 29, 2023). "History in the making: PWHL's Toronto vs New York begins new era in women's hockey". CBC Sports. Archived from the original on December 31, 2023. Retrieved December 31, 2023.
- ^ Simmons, Steve (October 22, 2022). "Simmons: Blue Jays' 92 World Series team was one for the ages". Toronto Sun. Archived from the original on October 22, 2022. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
- ^ Nightendale, Bob (October 24, 1993). "World Series: Toronto Blue Jays vs Philadelphia Phillies; Carter Sends Everyone Home; Blue Jays Repeat Crown on Homer in Ninth, 8-6". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 31, 2023. Retrieved December 31, 2023.
- ^ "Toronto Blue Jays Timeline". BlueJays.com. MLB Advanced Media. Archived from the original on June 20, 2019. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
- ^ "Toronto Raptors Team Encyclopedia". Basketball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on July 28, 2012. Retrieved December 31, 2023.
- ^ Holcombe, Madeline (June 14, 2019). "The Toronto Raptors win Canada's first NBA championship". CNN. Archived from the original on September 20, 2020. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
- ^ Lopez, Torj (June 3, 2014). "NBATV Canada Latest Schedule". NBA.com. Archived from the original on December 30, 2023. Retrieved December 31, 2023.
- ^ "Toronto to host 2016 All-Star Game". AllStarweekendToronto. Archived from the original on February 15, 2016. Retrieved February 13, 2016.
- ^ "Argonauts Team History". Toronto Argonauts Alumni Association. January 18, 2016. Archived from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
- ^ "Canada – Toronto FC – Results, fixtures, squad, statistics, photos, videos and news – Soccerway". Soccerway. Archived from the original on February 6, 2018. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
- ^ Ozanian, Mike (May 21, 2013). "David Beckham To Earn Huge Windfall From New York's MLS Expansion". Forbes. Archived from the original on November 23, 2013. Retrieved November 23, 2013.
- ^ "Toronto vs. Chicago Fire 3–1". Soccerway. May 12, 2007. Archived from the original on July 30, 2018. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
- ^ W., T.A. (March 8, 2017). "Rugby league's Toronto Wolfpack are the first transatlantic sports team". economist.com. Archived from the original on March 11, 2017. Retrieved March 12, 2017.
- ^ "Toronto Wolfpack pull out of Super League season as relegation is cancelled | Toronto Wolfpack | The Guardian". amp.theguardian.com. Archived from the original on December 16, 2020. Retrieved December 25, 2020.
- ^ "Toronto Wolfpack news". torontowolfpack.com/. Team Wolfpack. Archived from the original on May 12, 2021. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
- ^ Hall, Joseph (October 30, 2015). "Toronto Rush takes flight with American Ultimate Disc League". The Star. Archived from the original on February 4, 2013. Retrieved October 30, 2015.
- ^ "American Ultimate Disc League". Archived from the original on October 21, 2015. Retrieved October 30, 2015.
- ^ "History of the TUC". Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 30, 2015.
- ^ Bernstein, Mark F. (September 19, 2001). Football: The Ivy League Origins of an American Obsession. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-3627-9.
- ^ "World Athletics Label Road Races". World Athletics. Archived from the original on December 18, 2022. Retrieved November 13, 2022.
- ^ "Honda Indy Toronto". IndyCar Series. Archived from the original on September 24, 2023. Retrieved December 31, 2023.
- ^ "Toronto 2015 Pan American Games Bid Officially Launched". GameBids.com. Archived from the original on October 19, 2008.
- ^ Cayley, Shawn (August 12, 2014). "Countdown is on to Pan American and Parapan American Games in Durham Region". durhamregion.com. Metroland Media Group. Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved August 31, 2014.
- ^ Byers, Jim (July 10, 2007). "Third time lucky for T.O. Games bid?". The Star. Toronto. Archived from the original on March 5, 2010. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
- ^ a b "Toronto City Council and Committees". City of Toronto. Archived from the original on July 8, 2016. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
- ^ "Directory of committees, task forces and round tables". City of Toronto. Archived from the original on April 3, 2007. Retrieved March 18, 2007.
- ^ Bingley, Matthew (February 19, 2020). "Toronto city council approves 2020 budget, homeowners to see 4.24% property tax increase". Global News. Archived from the original on June 13, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
- ^ "Budget 2017 Charts" (PDF). City of Toronto. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 26, 2017. Retrieved September 13, 2017.
- ^ "TTC seeks to raise fares by 10 cents in 2020 budget proposal". CityNews Toronto. December 13, 2019. Archived from the original on June 13, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
- ^ Fox, Chris (June 10, 2020). "Tory says he won't support 'arbitrary' cuts to the $1.22B police budget". CP24. Archived from the original on June 13, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
- ^ a b Statistics Canada; The Daily (July 21, 2006). "Crime statistics". Archived from the original on October 24, 2008. Retrieved March 5, 2007.
- ^ "Crime and Safety". Torontoisms. Archived from the original on March 30, 2008.
- ^ a b "Despite rise, police say T.O. murder rate 'low'". Ctv.ca. December 26, 2007. Archived from the original on December 27, 2009. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ "FBI statistics 2008". Fbi.gov. Archived from the original on April 12, 2010. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ Topping, David (July 22, 2008). "Metrocide: A History of Violence". Torontoist. Archived from the original on April 20, 2010. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ "Story – News". Vancouver Sun. Canada. March 15, 2009. Archived from the original on April 18, 2009. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ "Bilan chiffres A new" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ "Vancouver.ca" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 1, 2019. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ "2007annrep_draft_daily_2008_03_26.xlsm" (PDF). torontopolice.on.ca. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 15, 2010. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ "CTV Toronto – Toronto sets a new record for gun-related carnage – CTV News, Shows and Sports – Canadian Television". Toronto.ctv.ca. Archived from the original on December 27, 2009. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ "Gun crime in Metro Vancouver highest per capita in Canada". Archived from the original on February 14, 2009.
- ^ "Ministry of the Attorney General – Backgrounder". Attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca. October 25, 2005. Archived from the original on July 1, 2009. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ "Toronto Police Service :: To Serve and Protect". June 11, 2011. Archived from the original on June 11, 2011. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ^ Doucette, Chris (December 31, 2011). "Toronto murder rate plummets in 2011". Toronto Sun. Archived from the original on April 3, 2012. Retrieved February 18, 2012.
- ^ "TPS Crime Statistics – Year to Date Shootings & Homicides". torontopolice.on.ca. Toronto Police Service. November 23, 2015. Archived from the original on November 26, 2015.
- ^ Rankin, Jim (November 18, 2018). "What Toronto's Homicide Record Means — And What We Can Do About It". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on November 22, 2018. Retrieved November 22, 2018.
- ^ a b "Major Crime Indicators". data.torontopolice.on.ca. Archived from the original on August 11, 2023. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ^ Beattie, Samantha (November 20, 2018). "Toronto Blows Past Winnipeg For Highest Homicide Rate In Canada". HuffPost Canada. Archived from the original on November 21, 2018. Retrieved March 27, 2019.
- ^ admin (January 9, 2019). "Toronto 2019 Homicide Victim List - Homicide Canada". homicidecanada.com. Archived from the original on October 2, 2023. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ^ "Shootings". data.torontopolice.on.ca. Archived from the original on August 24, 2023. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ^ "Homicide". data.torontopolice.on.ca. Archived from the original on August 24, 2023. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ^ "Homicide Overview". Archived from the original on August 24, 2023. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ^ "Homicide rate in Toronto, Ontario in Canada between 2000 and 2021". Archived from the original on December 20, 2022. Retrieved October 10, 2023.
- ^ Ranger, Michael (May 16, 2023). "Eglinton Crosstown won't open until 2024, construction group to take legal action: Metrolinx". CityNews. Archived from the original on May 16, 2023. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
- ^ "Ontario Line – Projects | Metrolinx". www.metrolinx.com. Archived from the original on June 17, 2020. Retrieved July 21, 2020.
- ^ "Metrolinx: For a Greater Region – Yonge Subway Extension". www.metrolinx.com. Archived from the original on April 17, 2021. Retrieved July 21, 2020.
- ^ Spurr, Ben (April 19, 2018). "Finch LRT delayed another year | The Star". The Toronto Star. Archived from the original on September 4, 2019. Retrieved September 4, 2019.
- ^ "Eglinton Crosstown West Extension – Projects | Metrolinx". www.metrolinx.com. Archived from the original on March 10, 2020. Retrieved July 21, 2020.
- ^ "Metrolinx: For a Greater Region – Union Station". www.metrolinx.com. Archived from the original on August 12, 2020. Retrieved July 21, 2020.
- ^ "Metrolinx: For a Greater Region – The new Union Station Bus Terminal". www.metrolinx.com. Archived from the original on July 21, 2020. Retrieved July 21, 2020.
- ^ "Info to GO" (PDF). GO Transit. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 6, 2012. Retrieved May 24, 2011.
- ^ Lewington, Jennifer; McLeod, Lori (November 2007). "Underground mall in store for Union Station makeover". Globe and Mail. Toronto. Archived from the original on November 3, 2015. Retrieved November 3, 2015.
- ^ "Metrolinx Regional Express Rail". www.metrolinx.com. Metrolinx. Archived from the original on April 8, 2015. Retrieved May 1, 2015.
- ^ "Visit – Toronto Union Station". Torontounion.ca. May 16, 2019. Archived from the original on December 30, 2023. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
- ^ Spurr, Ben (June 9, 2021). "Toronto's Bay Street bus terminal reaches the end of the line". www.thestar.com. Toronto Star Newspaper. Archived from the original on October 2, 2023. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
- ^ "Who we are". Toronto Pearson International Airport. Archived from the original on December 30, 2023. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
- ^ Maier, Hanna (October 9, 2007). "Chapter 2". Long-Life Concrete Pavements in Europe and Canada. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) (Report). Federal Highway Administration. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
The key high-volume highways in Ontario are the 400-series highways in the southern part of the province. The most important of these is the 401, the busiest highway in North America, with an average annual daily traffic (AADT) of more than 425,000 vehicles in 2004, and daily traffic sometimes exceeding 500,000.
- ^ "Ontario government investing $401 million to upgrade Highway 401". ogov.newswire.ca. Ontario Ministry of Transportation. August 6, 2002. Archived from the original on September 14, 2007. Retrieved March 18, 2007.
Highway 401 is one of the busiest highways in the world and represents a vital link in Ontario's transportation infrastructure, carrying more than 400,000 vehicles per day through Toronto.
- ^ Brian Gray (April 10, 2004). "GTA Economy Dinged by Every Crash on the 401 – North America's Busiest Freeway". Toronto Sun, transcribed at Urban Planet. Archived from the original on December 27, 2009. Retrieved March 18, 2007.
The "phenomenal" number of vehicles on Hwy. 401 as it cuts through Toronto makes it the busiest freeway in the world...
- ^ "TomTom Congestion Index: North America". tomtom.com. Archived from the original on June 16, 2017. Retrieved September 13, 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "International Alliance Program". City of Toronto. July 14, 2017. Archived from the original on June 23, 2019. Retrieved June 23, 2019.
Bibliography
- Dinnie, Keith (2011). City Branding: Theory and Cases. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-24185-5.
- Duffy, Hazel (2004). Competitive Cities: Succeeding in the Global Economy. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-203-36231-0. Archived from the original on September 14, 2023. Retrieved February 21, 2016.
- Firth, Edith G., ed. (1962). The Town of York 1793–1815: A Collection of Documents of Early Toronto (Ontario Series). The Publications of the Champlain Society. doi:10.3138/9781442617940. ISBN 978-1-4426-1794-0.
- Gibson, Sally (2008). Toronto's Distillery District: history by the lake. Cityscape Holdings Inc. and Dundee Distillery District (GP) Commercial Inc. ISBN 978-0-9809905-0-8.
- Guillet, Edwin C. (1969) [1933]. Pioneer Settlements in Upper Canada. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0802061102.
- Hounsom, Eric Wilfrid (1970). Toronto in 1810. Toronto: Ryerson Press. ISBN 978-0-7700-0311-1.
- Johansen Aase, Emily (2014). Cosmopolitanism and Place: Spatial Forms in Contemporary Anglophone Literature. New York City, NY, USA: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-40266-0.
- Johnson, James Keith; Wilson, Bruce G. (1989). Historical Essays on Upper Canada: New Perspectives. McGill-Queen's Press. ISBN 978-0-88629-070-2.
- Myrvold, Barbara; Fahey, Curtis (1997). The people of Scarborough : a history. Scarborough, Ont.: Scarborough Public Library Board. ISBN 978-0-9683086-0-8.
- Robertson, John Ross (1894). Robertson's Landmarks of Toronto: A Collection of Historical Sketches of the Old Town of York from 1792 Until 1837, and of Toronto from 1834 to 1894. Toronto: J. Ross Robertson.
- Schmalz, Peter S. (1991). The Ojibwa of Southern Ontario. Toronto: University of Toronto Press|. ISBN 978-0-8020-6778-4.
- Williamson, R. F., ed. (2008). Toronto: An Illustrated History of its First 12,000 Years. Toronto, Ontario: James Lorimer.
- "The real story of how Toronto got its name". Natural Resources Canada. Archived from the original on November 9, 2013. Retrieved April 17, 2006.
- "Canada, Provinces & Territories: The naming of their capital cities". Natural Resources Canada. Archived from the original on December 11, 2011. Retrieved April 25, 2009.
Further reading
- Akler, Howard; Hood, Sarah (2003). Toronto: The Unknown City. Arsenal Pulp Press. ISBN 978-1-55152-146-6. Archived from the original on September 14, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
- Careless, J.M.S. "Toronto". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Foundation of Canada. Archived from the original on January 3, 2006. Retrieved December 3, 2005.
- Careless, J. M. S (1984). Toronto to 1918: An Illustrated History. J. Lorimer and National Museum of Man. ISBN 978-0-88862-665-3. Archived from the original on September 14, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
- "Ultimate Inline Skating Guide to Toronto v1.5" (Google Earth). 2007. Archived from the original on October 25, 2007. Retrieved July 7, 2007.
- Filey, Mike (2008). Toronto: the way we were. Dundurn Press. ISBN 978-1-55002-842-3. Archived from the original on September 14, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
- Fulford, Robert (1995). Accidental city: the transformation of Toronto. Toronto: Macfarlane, Walter & Ross. ISBN 978-0-921912-91-0. Also ISBN 1-55199-010-5 (paperback).
- Harris, Richard (October 7, 1999). Unplanned Suburbs: Toronto's American Tragedy, 1900 to 1950. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-6282-3. Archived from the original on September 14, 2023. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
- The novel "In the Skin of a Lion" by Michael Ondaatje depicts Toronto in the 1920s, giving prominence to the construction of Toronto landmarks, such as the Prince Edward Viaduct and the R. C. Harris Water Treatment Plant, and focusing on the lives of the immigrant workers.
- Phillips, Robert; Bram, Leon; Dickey, Norma (1971). Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia. Vol. 23. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. ISBN 978-0-8343-0025-5.
- Rayburn, Alan (2001). Naming Canada: stories about Canadian place names (2nd ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-8293-0. Archived from the original on September 14, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
- Statistics Canada (2003). "Toronto". Statistics Canada. 2002. 2001 Community Profiles. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 93F0053XIE. Archived from the original on October 22, 2017. Retrieved December 3, 2005.
- City of Toronto. "Toronto's Economic Profile". City of Toronto. Archived from the original on June 19, 2006. Retrieved May 30, 2006.
- Whitzman, Carolyn (2009). Suburb, slum, urban village: transformations in Toronto's Parkdale neighbourhood, 1875–2002. UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-1535-2. Archived from the original on September 14, 2023. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
External links
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Travel information from Wikivoyage
- Official website
Geographic data related to Toronto at OpenStreetMap
Places adjacent to Toronto | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
.svg){kind=logo}
