Operation Deadlight
Operation Deadlight was the code name for the Royal Navy operation of November 1945 – February 1946 to scuttle German U-boats surrendered to the Allies after the defeat of Germany near the end of World War II. After the surrender, political discussions continued between the Allies concerning the final disposal of the surviving German naval vessels, the result of which was an agreement to retain 30 U-Boats in total, to be divided equally between the UK, the USA and the USSR. The remainder would be scuttled.
Operation
[edit]Of the 156 U-boats that surrendered to the allies at the end of the war, 116 were scuttled as part of Operation Deadlight.[1] The Royal Navy carried out the operation, and planned to tow the submarines to three areas about 100 miles (160 km) north-west of Ireland and sink them.[2] The areas were codenamed XX, YY, and ZZ.[2] They intended to use XX as the main scuttling area, while towing 36 boats to ZZ to use as practice targets for aerial attack. YY was to be a reserve position where, if the weather was good enough, they could divert submarines from XX to sink with naval forces.[2] Submarines that were not used for target practice were to be sunk with explosive charges, with naval gunfire as a fall-back option if that failed.[2]
When Operation Deadlight began, the navy found that many of the U-boats were in poor condition from being moored in exposed harbours while awaiting disposal.[2] These issues, combined with poor weather, sank 56 of the boats before they reached the scuttling areas, and those that did reach the area were generally sunk by gunfire rather than explosive charges.[2] The first sinking took place on 17 November 1945 and the last on 11 February 1946.[2][3]
U-boats excluded from Operation Deadlight
[edit]Several U-boats escaped Operation Deadlight. Some were claimed as prizes by Britain, France, Norway, and the Soviet Union. Four were in East Asia when Germany surrendered and were commandeered by Japan. U-181 was renamed I-501, U-195 – I-506, U-219 – I-505, U-862 – I-502, and two other boats, U-511 and U-1224, had been sold to Japan in 1943 and renamed RO-500 and RO-501 .[4] Two U-boats that survived Operation Deadlight are today museum ships. U-505 was earmarked for scuttling, but American Rear Admiral Daniel V. Gallery argued successfully that she did not fall under Operation Deadlight. United States Navy Task Group 22.3, under then-Captain Gallery, had captured U-505 in battle on 4 June 1944. Having been captured, not surrendered at the end of the war, she survived to become a war memorial at the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago. U-995 was transferred to Norway by Britain in October 1948 and became the Norwegian Kaura. She was returned to Germany in 1965, to become a museum ship at Laboe in October 1971.[5]
Salvage proposals
[edit]In the late-1990s, a firm applied to the British Ministry of Defence for salvage rights to the Operation Deadlight U-boats, planning to raise up to a hundred of them. Because the U-boats were constructed in the pre-atomic age, the wrecks contain metals that are not radioactively tainted, and are therefore valuable for certain research purposes. The ministry awarded no salvage rights, due to objections from Russia and the U.S., and potentially from Great Britain.[6] [irrelevant citation]
Between 2001 and 2003, nautical archaeologist Innes McCartney discovered and surveyed fourteen of the U-boat wrecks;[7][8] including the rare Type XXI U-boat U-2506, once under the command of Horst von Schroeter; the successful Type IXC U-boat, U-155 commanded by Adolf Piening and the U-778, which was the most promising salvage.[9]
In 2007, Derry City Council announced plans to raise the U-778 to be the main exhibit of a new maritime museum.[10] On 3 October 2007, an Irish diver, Michael Hanrahan, died whilst filming the wreck as part of the salvage project.[11] In November 2009, a spokesman from the council's heritage museum service announced the salvage project had been cancelled for cost reasons.[12]
See also
[edit]- List of Operation Deadlight U-boats
- HMS Ferret (1940 shore establishment)
- Operation Regenbogen (U-boat)
- Scuttling of the German fleet at Scapa Flow
References
[edit]- ^ Waller, Derek. "Operation Deadlight". German U-boats of WWII – uboat.net. Archived from the original on 12 November 2010. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g Paterson, Lawrence (2009). Black Flag. The Surrender of Germany's U-Boat Forces 1945. Pen & Sword books. pp. 161–163. ISBN 978-1-84832-037-6.
- ^ Paterson, Lawrence (2009). Black Flag. The Surrender of Germany's U-Boat Forces 1945. Pen & Sword books. p. 174. ISBN 978-1-84832-037-6.
- ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Fates – U-boats after World War Two". German U-boats of WWII – uboat.net. Archived from the original on 4 February 2009. Retrieved 12 February 2009.
- ^ Gallery, Daniel V. (1965). Eight Bells and All's Well. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 248. LCCN 65-18021.
- ^ "Raise the U-boat: council plans to put Nazi sub in maritime museum". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 31 August 2013.
- ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Operation Deadlight Expedition phase 1". German U-boats of WWII – uboat.net.
- ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Operation Deadlight Expedition phase 2". German U-boats of WWII – uboat.net.
- ^ Budanovic, Nikola (25 April 2019). "'The Most Intact U-Boat Wreck I've Ever Seen' U-Boat Hunter Dr Innes McCartney". War History Online. Retrieved 27 September 2024.
- ^ Bowcott, Owen (20 August 2007). "Raise the U-boat: council plans to put Nazi sub in maritime museum". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 31 August 2013.
- ^ "Team to recover U-boat diver body". BBC. 3 October 2007. Archived from the original on 27 December 2008. Retrieved 21 November 2008.
- ^ "Costs sink plan to raise U-boat". BBC. 12 November 2009. Retrieved 25 November 2009.
Further reading
[edit]- McCartney, Innes (February 2002). "Operation Deadlight U-boat Investigation". After the Battle.
External links
[edit]
- "Operation Deadlight" a 1945 Flight article