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Yarsanism

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Yarsanism
یارسان
Yarsan shrine of Shah Hayas in the village of Wardik near Mosul in Iraq
TypeEthnic religion
ClassificationIranian, Abrahamic
ScriptureKalâm-e Saranjâm
TheologySyncretic
RegionKurdistan
LanguageKurdish languages; Gorani language
FounderSultan Sahak
Originlate 14th century
Western Iran
Membersc. 500,000[1] to 1,000,000 (in Iran)[2]
Other name(s)Ahl-e Haqq, Kaka'i[3]
 
People
Population
  • Homeland
History

Ancient

Karduchian dynasties

Corduene
Zabdicene
Cyrtians
Moxoene

Medieval

Modern
Culture
Languages
Kurdish languages
Religion

Yarsanism (Kurdish: یارسان, romanized: Yarsan), Ahl-e Haqq (ئەهلی حەق, Ehlê Heq/Ehli Heq;[4][5] Persian: اهل حق), or Kaka'i,[3] is an inherited, syncretic religion founded by Sultan Sahak in the late 14th century in western Iran.[6] The total number of followers of Yarsanism is estimated to be over half a million[1] to one million in Iran.[7] The numbers in Iraq are unknown. Followers are mostly Kurds from the Guran, Sanjâbi, Kalhor, Zangana and Jalalvand tribes.[1] Turkic-speaking Yarsan enclaves also exist in Iran.[1]

Some Yarsanis in Iraq are called Kaka'i.[3] Yarsanis say that some people call them disparagingly as "Ali Allahi" or "worshipers of Ali", labels which Yarsanis deny. Many Yarsanis hide their religion due to the pressure of Iran's Islamic system, and there are no exact statistics of their population.[8]

The Yarsanis have a distinct religious literature primarily written in the Gorani language. However, few modern Yarsani can read or write Gorani, as their mother tongue is Southern Kurdish or Sorani.[9]

Their central religious book is called the Kalâm-e Saranjâm, written in the 15th century and based on the teachings of Sultan Sahak.

Geography

The majority of Yarsan followers live in Kermanshah Province and adjacent areas of Lorestan Province and Ilam Province in Iran. They are the predominant religious population in Mahidasht, Bivanij and Zohab districts of Kermanshah, and populate rural areas of Delfan, Holeylan and Posht-e Kuh in Ilam and Lorestan.[10]

The main urban centers of the religion are Sahneh, Kerend-e Gharb and Gahvareh, and other important cities include Kermanshah, Sarpol-e Zahab and Qasr-e Shirin.[1]

Other areas in Iran with a significant Yarsan population include Hashtgerd and Varamin near Tehran and Maragheh, and Tabriz in Iranian Azerbaijan,[1] where important Turkic-speaking Yarsan communities live and use Turkic for many of their religious texts. The Yarsani tradition claims that all early communities used Gorani as their religious language, but that over time, some groups were forced to adopt a Turkic language closely akin to Azeri for all purposes, including religion.[11]

In Iraq, Yarsan followers mainly live in Mosul, Kirkuk, Kalar, Khanaqin, Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, and Halabja.[1][12][13][14]

Beliefs

The Tambur is a sacred symbol of Yarsanism and is played during religious ceremonies.[15]

The Yarsani follow the mystical teachings of Sultan Sahak (fl. 14th–15th century). From the Yarsani point of view, the universe is composed of two distinct yet interrelated worlds: the internal (bātinī) and the external (zāhirī), each having its own order and rules. Although humans are only aware of the outer world, their lives are governed according to the rules of the inner world. This aspect of the Yarsani faith can be identified as Kurdish esoterism which emerged under the intense influence of Bātinī-Sufism.[citation needed]

Among other important pillars of their belief system are that the Divine Essence has successive manifestations in human form (mazhariyyat) and the belief in transmigration of the soul (dunaduni in Kurdish). Yarasani believe that every man needs to do what is written within their holy book, the Kalâm-e Saranjâm, otherwise they are not part of Yarsan. There is no compulsion or exclusion in Yarsan – anyone who chooses to follow its precepts is welcome.

The Yarsani faith's features include millenarism, innatism, egalitarianism, metempsychosis, angelology, divine manifestation and dualism.[16]

Divine manifestations

The Yarsani are emanationists and incarnationists, believing that the Divine Essence has successive incarnations known as mazhariyyats (similar to the Hindu avatars). They believe God manifests one primary and seven secondary manifestations in each epoch of the world, in either angel or human form. These seven persons are known as "Heft tan", which means "The Seven Persons".

The primary mazhariyyat of the First Epoch was the Divine Essence known as Khawandagar, who created the world.

The primary mazhariyyat of the Second Epoch was Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth caliph and first imam of Shia Islam. This explains the alternative name for Yarsanis Ali-Allahi, "Believers in the divinity of Ali".

The primary mazhariyyat of the Third Epoch was Shah Khoshin.[17]

In the Fourth Epoch, the primary mazhariyyat is held to be Sultan Sahak. It is said that his mother was Dayerak Rezbar or Khatun-e Rezbar, a Kurdish virgin of the Caf tribe. While sleeping under a pomegranate tree a kernel of fruit fell into her mouth when a bird pecked the fruit directly over her.[18] Sources vary on Rezbar’s marital life, some state that she lived her entire life celibate and unmarried while most state that she had married. Sources that claim she had married either contest her husband as being a Kurdish man named "Şêx Îsa" from a priestly line of the Berzencî tribe or an Arab Sayyid man. Whether either of these men even fathered Sahak is also contested among Yarsanis who believe she had married either one of them, as the virgin birth of Sahak is contested by Yarsani scholars though the presumed father or stepfather of Sahak is not regarded as a significant religious figure in Yarsanism.[19][20]

Yarsani men in Silêmanî, Iraqi Kurdistan. The picture on the wall is of the Kurdish tanbur, a Yarsani religious symbol.

Haft Tan or seven persons

Each Epoch in Yarsani belief saw the appearance of the seven secondary divine manifestations or Haft Tan. In the First Epoch they appeared in their true angelic form, while in subsequent Epochs they appeared in human incarnations. The Haft Tan are charged with responsibility for the affairs of the internal realm.

The secondary mazhariyyats of the First Epoch include the archangels Gabriel, Michael, Israfil and Azrael, and a female angelic being.

The mazhariyyats of the Second Epoch include Salman, Qanbar, Muhammad, Nusayr (who is either Jesus Christ or Theophobus) and Bahlool. It also includes Fatimah, the daughter of Muhammad as the incarnation of the female angel.

The mazhariyyats of the Third Epoch include Shah Fazlullah Veli, Baba Sarhang Dudani and Baba Naous.

In the Fourth Epoch, the Haft Tan or 'seven persons' charged by Sultan Sahak with responsibility for the affairs of the inner realm consist of the following:[21]

The "Haft Tan" (The Seven Archangels) are key figures in the Yarsani belief system and their history. The only female among them is Khatun-e Rezbar, the mother of Sultan Sahak.

  1. Pir Benjamin, considered the incarnation of the archangel Gabriel; he has the preceptor title to all Yarsanis (Monday)
  2. Pir Musi, the incarnation of the archangel Michael and known as the Recording angel (Tuesday)
  3. Mustafā Dawan, the incarnation of archangel Azrael (Wednesday)
  4. Sultan Sahak, the incarnation of Divine Essence (Thursday)
  5. Baba Yadegar, also known as "Ahmad" and "Reza" (Friday)
  6. Khatun-e Razbar (Saturday)
  7. Dawud Koswar (David), also informally called Dawu; he is known as "Dalil" (in Kurdish) to all Yarsanis (Sunday)

These seven persons are known as "Haft tan" which means literally "The Seven Persons"

Holy texts

The traditions of the Yarsani are preserved in poetry known as Kalâm-e Saranjâm (The Discourse of Conclusion), divinely revealed narratives passed down orally through the generations. These traditions are said to have been written down by Pir Musi, one of the seven companions of Sultan Sahak (also the angel in charge of recording human deeds).[22] The collection consists of the epochs of Khawandagar [God], ‘Alī, Shah Khoshin and Sultan Sahak, the different manifestations of divinity. The epoch of Shah Khoshin takes place in Luristan and the epoch of Sultan Sahak is placed in Hawraman near the Sirwan River, the land of the Goranî. Also important to the Goranî is the Daftar-e kezana-ye Perdivari (Book of the Treasure of Perdivar), a collection of twenty six mythological poems or kalams.[23]

The sayings attributed to Sultan Sahak are written in Gorani Kurdish, the sacred language of the Ahl-e Haqq, which also is known as Hawrami dialects. However, few modern Yarsani can read or write Gorani as their mother tongues are Southern Kurdish and Sorani Kurdish, which belong to the other two branches of the Kurdish language family. Some Yarsani literature is written in the Persian language.[24]

The older texts are called the Perdiwari texts, which date back to around the 15th or 16th centuries. The texts are called Perdiwari since Perdiwar is where Soltan Sahak had first founded the Yarsani community. The Perdiwari texts are attributed to writers from this first community of Yarsani believers. They include the following texts.[25]

  • Dowre-ye Bābā Khoshin
  • Dowre-ye Bābā Nā’us
  • Dowre-ye Bohlul
  • Dowre-ye Bābā Jalil
  • Bābā Sarhang
  • Dowre-ye Soltān Sahāk
  • Kalām-e Ābedin
  • Kalām-e Ahmad
  • Daftar-e Dāmyāri
  • Šandarwi maramo (Kelim wa Duš)
  • Bārgah Bārgah
  • Dowre-ye Cheltan
  • Kamākanān
  • Zolāl Zolāl

Widely known non-Perdiwari texts are:[25]

  • Daftar-e Sheykh Amir
  • Daftar-e Khān Almās
  • Daftar-e Ābedin Jāf
  • Daftar-e Ilbegi
  • Daftar of Qushchioghli
  • Daftars of other members of the group of ‘Twenty-Four Poets’, in Turkic (Azerbaijani)
  • Daftar-e Zu’l-Feqār
  • Daftar of the Thirty-Six Poets of the Period of Sayyed Brāke

Sacred sites

The Holy Tomb of Dawoud is one of the sacred shrines of Yarsinism.

Two important sanctuaries of the Yarsani are the tomb of Bābā Yādgār, about 40 km away from Sarpol-e Zahab in Kermanshah Province and the tomb of Dawoud at Zarde, about three kilometres east of Sarpol-e Zahab.[26][27] Another important shrine is that of Sultan Suhak in Sheykhan, near Perdīvar bridge in Kermanshah Province.[28][23] The tombs of Pir Benjamin and Pir Musi in the town of Kerend in Kermanshah Province, Iran are also important shrines.[29]

Organisation

Khandans or spiritual houses

Yarsanism is organised into spiritual houses or Khandans, seven of which were established at the time of Sultan Sahak, and four afterwards, making eleven Khandans in all. The Khandans were established when, along with the Haft Tan, Sultan Sahak also formed the Haft Tawane, a group of seven holy persons charged with the affairs of the outer world.[21] They were Say-yed Mohammad, Say-yed Abu'l Wafa, Haji Babusi, Mir Sur, Say-yed Mostafa, Sheykh Shahab al-Din and Sheykh Habib Shah. Each of the Haft Tawane was charged with responsibility for the guidance of a number of followers, and these followers formed the original seven Khandans, namely Shah Ebrahim, Baba Yadegar, Ali Qalandar, Khamush, Mir Sur, Sey-yed Mosaffa and Hajji Babu Isa. After Sultan Sahak's time another four khandans were established, namely Atesh Bag, Baba Heydar, Zolnour and Shah Hayas.[30]

Every Yarsani therefore belongs to one specific khandan, which is led by a spiritual leader called a say-yed, to whom each member must swear obedience. The say-yed is the spiritual leader of the community and is normally present during the ceremonies attended by the followers. Say-yeds are the only ones allowed to have full access to the religious texts of Yarsanism, and have traditionally competed with each other to have the largest number of followers. The position of Say-yed is hereditary, being passed down through the generations from the original founders. As the say-yed are considered spiritual 'parents', it is the tradition for them not to marry their followers.

Relationship with other religious groups

Rock carving at Dukkan-e Davood

An excerpt from the French Review of the Muslim World[31] describes the difficulty in nomenclature for Yarsanism and related Shi'ite mysticism. The English translation reads:

First of all, we must clear up the confusion resulting from the variety of names given to the sect of "Ahlé-Haqq", which are liable to be misunderstood. Like any religion, the one we are dealing with considers itself to be the only true and orthodox one, and it is natural that its adherents give themselves the name of "People of Truth" (Ahlé-Haqq or Ahlé-Haqîqat). This term lacks precision, as other sects, for example the Horoufis, occasionally apply it to themselves. Still, the name Ahlé-Haqq to refer to the sect of our particular interest has every advantage over appellations such as "Gholat", "Alî-Allâhi", and "Noséïri" that the Muslims and most European travellers use in speaking of them. The first term, which encompasses all of the extremist Shi’ites, is too broad and too vague. The second term, "deifiers of Ali", has the same fault and emphasizes what is only a detail in the religious system under discussion. Finally, the name "Noséïri" belongs to that well-defined Syrian religion, which, despite some resemblances with the doctrines of the Ahlé-Haqq (the worship of Ali, the communion, etc.), appears to present a complex of quite different old beliefs.

Relations with Islam

Ahl-e Haqq view Islam as a product of a cycle of divine essence, which was made manifest in Ali, and established the stage of shai'at (Islamic law). This was followed by the cycle of tariqat (Sufi teachings), then ma'rifat (Sufi gnosis), and finally the current cycle of haqiqat (Ultimate Truth), which was made manifest in Sultan Sahak. The final stage supersedes the previous ones, which frees Ahl-e Haqq from observing the shari'a rules incumbent on Muslims. Ahl-i Haqq class other Muslims as either Ahl-i Tashayyu (followers of Shi'ism) or Ahl-i Tasannun (followers of Sunnism). The Ahl-i Haqq neither observe Muslim rites, such as daily prayers and fasting during the month of Ramadan, nor share Islamic theology and sacred space, such as belief in the day of resurrection and sanctity of the mosque.[32]

Extremist Sunni Islamic groups, such as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and al-Qaeda, regard the followers of Yarsanism as unbelievers who have to convert to Islam or die. These militants have persecuted Yarsanis during the Iraq conflict, possibly prompting some Iraqi Yarsan community leaders to declare in 2013 that their people were actually Muslims to avoid sectarian attacks.[33][34]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Hamzeh'ee (1990), p. 39.
  2. ^ Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa (Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2004) p. 82
  3. ^ a b c "'If we stay a secret, there will be a genocide'". BBC News.
  4. ^ Hamzeh'ee, M. Reza Fariborz (1995). Krisztina Kehl-Bodrogi; et al. (eds.). Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East. Leiden: Brill. pp. 101–117. ISBN 90-04-10861-0.
  5. ^ P. G. Kreyenbroek (1992). Review of The Yaresan: A Sociological, Historical and Religio-Historical Study of a Kurdish Community, by M. Reza Hamzeh'ee, 1990, ISBN 3-922968-83-X. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol.55, No.3, pp.565–566.
  6. ^ Elahi, Bahram (1987). The path of perfection, the spiritual teachings of Master Nur Ali Elahi. ISBN 0-7126-0200-3.
  7. ^ Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa (Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2004) p. 82
  8. ^ "نگاهی به آئین یارسان یا اهل حق". BBC News فارسی. November 27, 2011.
  9. ^ C. J. Edmonds (1957). Kurds, Turks and Arabs, Politics, Travel and Research in North-Eastern Iraq, 1919-1925. Oxford University Press. p. 195.
  10. ^ Hamzeh'ee (1990), p. 38–39.
  11. ^ Kreyenbroek, Philip G. (2020). "God first and last" : religious traditions and music of the Yaresan of Guran. pp. 32–33. ISBN 978-3-447-11424-0. OCLC 1228902659.
  12. ^ "Kaka'is - The men with big moustaches ‌". www.pukmedia.com.
  13. ^ "Kaka'i in Iraq". Minority Rights Group. 2023-10-16.
  14. ^ "Iraq's Kaka'i minority aspires to be represented in political process". Apr 23, 2021.
  15. ^ Shiloah, Amnon (2001). "Kurdish music". In Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John (eds.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Vol. xiv (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan. p. 40.
  16. ^ Hamzeh'ee (1990), p. 36.
  17. ^ Hamzeh'ee (1990), p. 99.
  18. ^ Nebez, Jamal (1997-09-19). "The Kurds: History and Culture" (PDF). Western Kurdistan Association. p. 23. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-05-25. Retrieved 2006-09-01.
  19. ^ Mirwaisi, Hamma (2010). Return of the Medes. Wheatmark. p. 161. ISBN 9781604944495.
  20. ^ Moosa, Matti (1987). Extremist Shiites. Syracuse University Press. p. 216. ISBN 9780815624110.
  21. ^ a b "Faith Ritual and Culture Among Ahle-Haqq" – via Internet Archive.
  22. ^ Z. Mir-Hosseini (1994). "Inner Truth and Outer History: The Two Worlds of the Ahl-e Haqq of Kurdistan", International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol.26, pp.267–269.
  23. ^ a b electricpulp.com. "AHL-E ḤAQQ – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org.
  24. ^ Leezenberg, Michiel. "Gorani Influence on Central Kurdish: Substratum or Prestige Borrowing?". Archived from the original (RTF) on 2011-02-23. Retrieved 2006-04-27.
  25. ^ a b Kanakis, Yiannis (2020). God first and last: religious traditions and music of the Yaresan of Guran. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-11424-0. OCLC 1158495389.
  26. ^ "Website offline – ICT & Media". offline.hum.uu.nl.
  27. ^ "Dukkan-e Daud – Livius". www.livius.org.
  28. ^ "Ahl-e Haqq – Formation of the Order". www.ahle-haqq.com.
  29. ^ Robert, L K. "The Cults of the Angels: The Indigenous Religions of Kurdistan". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  30. ^ "Ahl-e Haqq – Rituals and Traditions". www.ahle-haqq.com.
  31. ^ Minorsky, Vladimir (1920). "Notes sur la sect des Ahlé-Haqq". Revue du Monde Musulman (in French). 40–41: 20. Retrieved 2017-03-25.
  32. ^ Z. Mir-Hosseini, "Inner Truth and Outer History: The Two Worlds of the Ahl-e Haqq of Kurdistan", International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol.26, 1994, p.267–268
  33. ^ Rikar Hussein (26 June 2018). "IS Terror Group Surges in Iraq's Disputed Territories". Voice of America. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
  34. ^ Dilshad Anwar (26 June 2018). "IS Attacks Drive Members of Iraqi Kakai Minority From Their Villages". Voice of America. Retrieved 1 July 2018.

Bibliography

Collections of Yarsani texts published in Iran and Iraq:

  • Ṣafizāde, Ṣ. (1375/1996), Nāme-ye Saranjām yā Kalām-e Xazāne [The Book of Saranjām or the Kalām of the Treasury], Tehran.
  • Ḥosseyni, Sayyed M. (1382/2003), Dīwān-e Gewre [The Great Diwan], Kermanshah.
  • Ṭāheri, Ṭ. (2007, 2009), Saranjām, 2 Vols., Erbil.
  • Anonymous (copied 1387/2008), Daftar-e Diwān-e Gewre-ye Perdiwari [The Book of the Great Collection of Perdiwari (Kalāms)], copied by Kāki ‘Azizpanāhi Tutšāmi, n.pl.
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